1. The Role of the Immune System in Metabolic Health and Disease
Niv Zmora, Stavros Bashiardes, Maayan Levy, Eran Elinav 
Cell Metabolism 
Volume 25, Issue 3, Pages (March 2017)
DOI: /j.cmet
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Immune-Metabolic Interactions throughout Life in Physiological and Pathological Conditions
The immune-metabolic cross-talk is characterized by plasticity throughout the lifespan of an organism, as it adapts to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. The top panel delineates typical immune alterations and their complementing metabolic manifestations in physiological states of pregnancy, embryonic life, neonatal period, adulthood, and senescence. The bottom panel presents pathological metabolism in the corresponding states, i.e., obesity in pregnancy, embryonic life, neonatal period, adulthood, and frailty in old age.
Cell Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2 Nutrients and Their Immune and Metabolic Effects
Consumption of various nutritional constituents exert metabolic effects by modulating the immune system, some mainly by activating local hematopoietic cells and maintaining the gut mucosal barrier integrity (indole-3-carbinol, vitamin D, and vitamin A), and others by interacting with adipose tissue immune cells (saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids).
Cell Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3 The Microbiome and the Immune-Metabolic Cross-Talk
The microbiome interacts with the host immune system to regulate metabolism by various mechanisms: direct physical contact, production of metabolites, and shedding of structural components. These affect metabolic homeostasis by local mucosal immune modulation and by remote alteration of metabolic organs, such as adipose tissue, muscle, and the liver.
Cell Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions