1. Current and Future Trends in the Treatment of Renal Cancer
Thomas Keane, David Gillatt, Christopher P. Evans, Andrea Tubaro 
European Urology Supplements 
Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages (March 2007)
DOI: /j.eursup
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Computed tomography scan of the patient in clinical scenario I, which revealed a large right renal tumour (stage cT3b, N0, M0) filling the inferior vena cava and extending to below the hepatic veins.
European Urology Supplements 2007 6, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Cancer-specific survival for patients with inferior vena cava levels I, II, and III [9]. Reprinted from Moinzadeh A, et al. J Urol 2004;171;598–601. Copyright 2004, with permission from Elsevier Inc.
European Urology Supplements 2007 6, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Kaplan-Meier overall survival estimates for patients with metastasis, tumour thrombus, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤1 at diagnosis who underwent nephrectomy or no treatment [8]. Reprinted from Zisman A, et al. J Urol 2003;169:909–16. Copyright 2003, with permission from American Urological Association.
European Urology Supplements 2007 6, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Computed tomography scan of the patient in clinical scenario II, which revealed a mass on the right kidney, with lymph node involvement.
European Urology Supplements 2007 6, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Molecular pathophysiology of clear-cell renal cell cancer (RCC). Inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) results in an absence of VHL gene product, pVHL. Cells lacking pVHL accumulate high levels of hypoxic-inducible factor (HIF), which is known to activate several pathways that facilitate the progression of RCC through angiogenesis (mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF], through erythropoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that increases red cell production, and increased metabolism in Glut-1 and transforming-growth factor [TGF]-α stimulation of autocrine growth).
European Urology Supplements 2007 6, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
Computed tomography scan of the patient in clinical scenario III, which revealed a 6-cm left anterior lower-pole renal mass in a nodular kidney.
European Urology Supplements 2007 6, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions