1. The Maya Collapse

3. Mayan cities of the Classic period certainly did collapse
Mayan cities of the Classic period certainly did collapse. However, the Mayans did not disappear.
Descendants of the Maya who speak Mayan languages live in large numbers in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and also in Belize.
They often speak a Mayan language as their first language as their first language and Spanish as their 2nd.
They also often wear clothes that are distinctive to their home region or town.

4. Mayans celebrate Day of the Dead in May at Cotzumalguapa, Guatemala.
Mayans on the beach, Champerico, Guatemala
Mayans in their market, Patzun, Guatemala.

5. This map demonstrates that the Maya were not limited to the Yucatan and that Copan was on the eastern edge of the Mayan region.

6. The green portion of the map shows the regions of Mexico and Central America where Mayan languages are still spoken as native languages.

7. These town names in northern Yucatan give you some idea of the how a Mayan language might sound. Can you say “Kancabdznot” three times without stuttering?

8. The Maya Collapse
The next few slides are from Izamal.

9. Izamal is a Mayan settlement in a limestone region that at one time had three pyramids.

10. The pyramid is known as Kinich Kak Moo. It was built ~400-600 A.D.

11. The pyramid rises about 200m above the surrounding landscape
The pyramid rises about 200m above the surrounding landscape. It is composed of limestone blocks.

12. From atop the pyramid you can see how flat the limestone portion of the Yucatan is. Other pyramids show up clearly on the horizon. I took this shot in January, the dry season, when farmers are burning forest in preparation for planting their milpas in May.

13. Stingless bees’ nest. This harmless insect was an important source of sugar for the Maya.
Here are couple of pics of limestone. Remember this is simply former seafloor that has been raised above sea level.

14. From the pyramid, you see the Catholic church in Izabal, which the Spaniards built on top of another Mayan pyramid. That was a common practice by Mesoamericans and the Spanish.

15. Courtyard of Izabal’s church…

16. Which was built with stones of a Mayan pyramid.

17. Among the plants domesticated by Mesoamerican, various species of agave wee important . These agaves are for mezcal production.

18. Mezcal distillery in Izabal.

19. Mezcal festival in another part of Mesoamerica: Oaxaca, Mexico.

20. Other varieties of agave were grown for fiber, such as in this henequen plantation near Izabal.

21. To make fiber, the long leaves are cut and brought to a fibredora, a grinder,

22. …run through this grinder, which separates water and pulp from the fibers,

23. …and hung to dry. Some of this fiber is used to make the guayaberas and hammocks for which the Yucatan is famous.

24. A common scene throughout the Yucatan are murals that recount past abuses of the Maya at the hands of the Spaniards. In Mani, the abuses were particularly harsh. A Spanish bishop reacted to reports of un-Christian rituals by burning as many Mayan codices as he could find. Codices were the Mayan equivalent of books. Bishop de Landa destroyed a lot of information about the Maya when he ordered the codex burning.

25. Another mural that shows a Franciscan burning sacred Mayan relics.

26. This mural represents Mayan life before the Spaniards.

27. Planting a milpa.
Hauling salt.

28. Weaving cotton
Making rope with
hennequen
Measuring the heavens.

29. Making jewelry

30. The next few slides are from Mani.

31. Church and palacio at Mani
Church and palacio at Mani. Ceiba tree on the right margin, a sacred tree for Mesoamericans.

32. Mural at Mani’s cenote, which recounts local belief that a woman lived in the cenote and required the annual sacrifice of a baby.

33. The next few slides are from Valladolid.

34. Mayan settlements needed a supply of fresh water
Mayan settlements needed a supply of fresh water. In the limestone region, cenotes were that source.

35. Cenote Zaci at Valladolid.

36. The Maya past and present appeal to tourists
The Maya past and present appeal to tourists. This map from a web-site is one example of the “Ruta Maya” that has become a popular tourist package. The 4 southernmost destinations are, or are near, current Maya settlements. The rest are archaeological destinations.

37. This ruta should include Copan which is just a ~20 minute ride from the Guatemala – Honduras border.

38. Many tourists bus from Antigua 8 hours to Copan to stay one night and see the ruins. Then bus back the next day.

39. Here’s one of those buses on the Honduran side of the border.

40. Border. For real
Here’s the border gate.
Guatemala
Honduras

41. Border fence
Your professor crossing
the Honduras-Guatemala border
Border marker, mojon.

42. The next few slides are from Copan.

43. Valley of the Copan River.
One of the 5 bottomland pockets that Diamond mentioned.
Main archaeological site

44. Main archaeological site

46. Ball court

47. Ball court

48. One of several pyramids at Copan.

49. Stelae in the Great Plaza

50. 18 Rabbit’s stela.

51. Profile of 3 stelae built to honor past leaders.

52. Example of altars and stone work at base of pyramid.

53. Altar. Much of the stone work includes glyphs, carved symbols that reveal some of the past political events, accomplishments of particular rulers, and religious beliefs of the Maya of Copan.

54. Copan is set in a tropical rainforest climate
Copan is set in a tropical rainforest climate. Tall rain forest trees grow out of the structures and shade much of the site. However, these forests are not pristine. They are the result of succession
Tree

55. The Maya created advanced architecture
The Maya created advanced architecture. One example is the corbelled arch.

56. Corbelled arch.

57. Large structures also included images of dieties, like this one to the Ah Bolom Tzacab, the god of agriculture who controls rain and thunder.

59. Hills above Copan, where swidden agriculture continues to cause erosion problems.

60. Hills above Copan, in a swidden landscape.
Not much bosque
Guamil
Milpa

61. Cattle is a leading land use in the Copan area.

62. Tobacco used to be more important. These are tobacco drying barns.

63. Some of the barns are being converted to vacation houses
Some of the barns are being converted to vacation houses. Copan has become a mini-boom town largely as a result of tourism and coffee.

64. School in Mayan settlement ~1 hour hike east of Copan where Maya-speaking Chorti Indians live.

66. Colonial town of Copan Ruinas (~15 minutes west of the ruins)
Colonial town of Copan Ruinas (~15 minutes west of the ruins). This is where tourist hotels, restaurants, internet cafes and language schools are.

67. The next few slides are from Guatemala City.

68. Remnants of a pre-Classic Mayan site on the outskirts of Guatemala City (Muybridge 1875).

69. Use of archaeological site as landscaping for residential development in 2009.

70. Pre-Classic stelae in same development.