1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwblUKoR MbA
2I&list=PLsUTfStTI4Yc0KCFH6mG7- SGmDfEP4nGd
Homeostasis
External or internal stimuli cause release of hormones, those hormones, in return, inhibit further hormone synthesis.
Hormonal, humoral, neural

2. The Major Endocrine Organs Part 1
Objectives:
I will be able to:
describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.
identify the major endocrine glands and tissues.
list hormones produced by endocrine glands and discuss their general functions.
Give Endocrine System Glands handout to students while they are writing down objectives.

3. The Major Endocrine Organs
The major endocrine organs include:
pituitary
pineal
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
adrenal glands
pancreas
gonads (ovaries and testes)
hypothalamus

4. The Major Endocrine Organs

5. The Major Endocrine Organs
The hypothalamus is part of both the nervous system (part of the brain tissue) and the endocrine system (produces several hormones).
The pancreas and gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions.
The other organs have purely endocrine function.

6. 
What are two important differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands are ductless and release their hormones directly into the intercellular fluid.
Exocrine glands release non-hormonal products through a duct to the surface of the tissue.

8. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus in the lower center of the brain, is the size of an almond, and is responsible for:
regulation of certain metabolic processes
synthesizes and secretes certain releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones
controls body temperature, hunger, parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.

9. Hypothalamus Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and their targets:
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)  anterior pituitary
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)  anterior pituitary
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)  anterior pituitary
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)  anterior pituitary
prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)  anterior pituitary
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)  anterior pituitary
oxytocin  posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  posterior pituitary

10. Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is the size of a pea and hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus.
It consists of two functional lobes, the anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and the posterior pituitary (nervous tissue).

11. Pituitary Gland
The posterior pituitary lobe stores hormones from the hypothalamus, oxytocin and ADH.
Oxytocin release is minimal most of the time but increases greatly during childbirth and nursing.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) inhibits or prevents urine production and can increase blood pressure.

12. Pituitary Gland
The anterior pituitary lobe controls the activity of many other endocrine glands.
The release of pituitary hormones is controlled by releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus produces these two types of hormones and releases them into the blood of the portal circulation.
Portal circulation consists of two capillary beds (in the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary) connected by several veins. It is a direct passage from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

13. Pituitary Gland
The anterior pituitary lobe hormones and their targets:
growth hormone  bones and muscles
prolactin  mammary glands
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)  gonads
luteinizing hormone (LH)  gonads
thyrotrophic hormone  thyroid
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)  adrenal cortex

14. Pituitary Gland
tropic hormone: a hormone that regulates the function of another endocrine organ
Tropic (= “turn on”) hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones which then exert their effects on other body tissues and organs.
The anterior pituitary tropic hormones are: FSH, LH, TH, and ACTH.

15. 
Under what conditions are you most likely to see an increase of antidiuretic hormone secretion?
What types of hormones “turn on “ other endocrine glands?
when you are dehydrated
tropic hormones

16. Pituitary Gland Anterior pituitary hormones:
are proteins (or peptides)
Act through second-messenger systems
Are regulated by hormonal stimuli and (usually) negative feedback

17. Pituitary Gland Growth hormone is a general metabolic hormone.
GH targets many areas of the body but focuses on stimulating growth of skeletal muscles and long bones.
GH causes fats to break down for energy, saving glucose for other functions.
Hyposecretion leads to pituitary dwarfism and hypersecretion leads to gigantism.

18. Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gigantism and Acromegaly (4 parts)
Extraordinary Dwarfs | National Geographic
The Bigger Picture - Dwarfism in America

19. Pituitary Gland
Prolactin (PRL) is similar to GH in structure but only targets mammary glands.
PRL stimulates and maintains milk production in female breasts but has no known function in males.

20. Pituitary Gland
The gonadotropic hormones are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
In females, FSH stimulates follicle development in the ovaries and estrogen production, preparing eggs for ovulation.
In males, FSH stimulates sperm development in the testes.

21. Pituitary Gland
In females, LH triggers ovulation and causes the ruptured follicle to secrete progesterone.
In males, LH stimulates production of testosterone.
Thyroid hormone (TH) influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH regulates adrenal gland activity.

22.  Which hormones are secreted by neurons?
What causes pituitary dwarfism?
What causes gigantism?
1. CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH, PRH, PIH, oxytocin, ADH
2. Hyposecretion of GH
3. Hypersecretion of GH