1. Evolution of Biodiversity

2. Ch5 Evolution of Biodiversity Learning Targets
Understand how we estimate the number of species living on Earth
Quantify biodiversity
Describe patterns of relatedness among species using phylogeny
Explain the processes of allopatric and sympatric speciation
Understand the factors that affect the pace of evolution
Explain the difference between a fundamental and a realized niche
Describe how environmental change can alter species distributions
Discuss how environmental change can cause species extinctions

3. Evolution of Biodiversity
Case Study: The Dung of the Devil
Spanish flu wiped out million people worldwide.
H1N1 virus
The “Dung of the Devil” is what?
Many other examples----
70% of new drugs are first discovered --

4. Evolution of Biodiversity
The Dung of the Devil
Spanish flu wiped out million people worldwide.
H1N1 virus
The “Dung of the Devil” is a plant that fights the flu.
Many other examples of plants and animals that fight illnesses.
70% of new drugs are first discovered in plants and animals

5. Name this key evolutionary term: a group of organisms distinct from others and can successfully breed.

6. Species: a group of organisms distinct from others and can successfully breed.

7. Biodiversity on 3 Separate Scales
Name these 3.
All three scales of biodiversity contribute to the overall biodiversity of the planet

8. Biodiversity on 3 Separate Scales
Ecosystem Diversity: variety of ecosystems.
Species Diversity: variety of species.
Genetic Diversity: variety of genes.
All three scales of biodiversity contribute to the overall biodiversity of the planet

10. How Many Species?? 2 million have been named.
Estimates average around 10 million.

11. Key terms for working with species
Species R???: The number of species in a given area.
Species E???: Relative abundance of each species.
Both together make up biodiversity!
Declines after a human disturbance.

12. Species Richness and Evenness
Species Richness: The number of species in a given area.
Species Evenness: Relative abundance of each species.
Both together make up biodiversity!
Declines after a human disturbance.

14. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
P???: branching patterns of evolutionary relationships.

15. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Phylogenies: branching patterns of evolutionary relationships.

16. Evolution is the Mechanism Underlying Biodiversity
Evolution: change in genes over time within a population.
M??: at the species level.
M??: giving rise to new species.

17. Evolution is the Mechanism Underlying Biodiversity
Evolution: change in genes over time within a population.
Microevolution: at the species level.
Macroevolution: giving rise to new species.

18. G??: sections of DNA that code for proteins.
G???: genetic make up.
P???: physical characteristics.

19. Genes: sections of DNA that code for proteins.
Genotype: genetic make up.
Phenotype: physical characteristics.

20. Genetic Change M???: random change.
Recombination: m???? and random fertilization.

21. Genetic Change Mutation: random change.
Recombination: meiosis and random fertilization.

22. Evolution!! Can happen by.. Artificial Selection Natural Selection
Random Processes

23. Artificial Selection What is it? Agriculture and livestock.
Unintended Consequences:
Resistant weeds.
Resistant antibiotics.

24. Artificial Selection
Picking particular traits and breeding those individuals.
Agriculture and livestock.
Unintended Consequences:
Resistant weeds.
Resistant antibiotics.

27. Evolution by Natural Selection
Environment determines what will survive.

30. Darwin: The Father of Evolution
Darwin’s 5 Premises:
Name 3 of these

31. Darwin: The Father of Evolution
Darwin’s 5 Premises:
Individuals produce an excess of offspring.
Not all offspring can survive.
Individuals differ in their traits.
Organisms give birth to like organisms.
Differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive.

32. F??? ability to survive and reproduce.
A??: traits that improve an individual’s fitness.

33. Fitness: ability to survive and reproduce.
Adaptations: traits that improve an individual’s fitness.
Wedgeleaf draba has leaf hairs that reduct water loss

34. The Leuchtenbergia cactus has a large taproot to draw water from deepin the soil

35. Waxy outer layers of aloe vera reduce water loss-

36. Waxy layer that is scraped

37. Evolution by Random Processes
1. Mutation

38. 2. Name this important concept: Change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.

39. 2. Genetic Drift: Change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.

40. 3-Name this Effect: drastic reduction in the size of a population resulting in a reduction of the genetic diversity.

41. 3. Bottleneck Effect: drastic reduction in the size of a population resulting in a reduction of the genetic diversity.
(cheetah work)

42. 4. F????’s Effect: change in population from a small number of colonizing individuals.

43. 4. Founder’s Effect: change in population from a small number of colonizing individuals.

44. Speciation and Extinction Determine Biodiversity
Speciation: making a new species.
Moving from microevolution to macroevolution.

45. Geographic Isolation: separate due to a geographical barrier.
A????? Speciation: geographic isolation forces two species to adapt differently. Eventually they cannot breed.

46. Geographic Isolation: separate due to a geographical barrier.
Allopatric Speciation: geographic isolation forces two species to adapt differently. Eventually they cannot breed.

50. S????? Speciation: evolution of one species into two species without geographic isolation.
P?????: more than two sets of chromosomes.

51. Sympatric Speciation: evolution of one species into two species without geographic isolation.
Polyploidy: more than two sets of chromosomes.

52. Pace of Evolution 1 new species every 3 million years.
Four Factors Influence Successful
Name 2 of the 4 discussed in text

53. Pace of Evolution 1 new species every 3 million years.
Four Factors Influence Successful
Rate of Environmental Change
Genetic Variation
Population Size
Generation Time

59. Genetic Engineering: directly manipulating genes.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Organisms with inserted genes.

60. Evolution Shapes Ecological Niches and Determines Species Distributions
Range Tolerance: limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate.
N?: the role an organism plays in the environment.
F?N?: ideal conditions.
R?N?: where the organism actually lives.

61. Evolution Shapes Ecological Niches and Determines Species Distributions
Range Tolerance: limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate.
Niche: the role an organism plays in the environment.
Fundamental Niche: ideal conditions.
Realized Niche: where the organism actually lives.

64. Environmental Change and Species Extinctions
?% of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct.
Why?
No favorable habitat.

65. Environmental Change and Species Extinctions
99% of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct.
Why?
No favorable habitat.

66. ?? Record ??: remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock.
Youngest or Oldest? are found on the bottom.

67. Fossil Record
Fossils: remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock.
Oldest are found on the bottom.

68. The Five Global Mass Extinctions
Revealed through the fossil record.
Greatest: 251 million years ago: ??% of marine organisms and ??% of land organisms died off.
Most recent: 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period.
½ of the Earth’s species including dinosaurs went extinct.
Possibly a m???????.

69. The Five Global Mass Extinctions
Revealed through the fossil record.
Greatest: 251 million years ago: 90% of marine organisms and 70% of land organisms died off.
Most recent: 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period.
½ of the Earth’s species including dinosaurs went extinct.
Possibly a meteorite.
(TED)
(TEDEd)

72. The Sixth Mass Extinction
Currently within the 6th mass extinction.
2-25% of species could be lost by 2025.
Due to human causes.
Include but not limited to: habitat destruction, invasive species, overharvesting, climate change, and emerging diseases.

73. Ch. 5 Learning Check
Paleoclimatology data used to study global climate change can be obtained from
Lichens
Redwood trees
Amphibians
Antarctic ice cores
Greenland glaciers

74. Ch. 5 Learning Check
Paleoclimatology data used to study global climate change can be obtained from
Lichens
Redwood trees
Amphibians
Antarctic ice cores
Greenland glaciers

75. Ch. 5 Learning Check Biodiversity “hotspots” are
Global areas currently experiencing the most global climate change
Sites in the US where hazardous wastes have been located
Priority areas for habitat preservation because they contain many endemic species
Tropical rainforest areas where there is the greatest species richness
Areas containing the most endangered species

76. Ch. 5 Learning Check Biodiversity “hotspots” are
Global areas currently experiencing the most global climate change
Sites in the US where hazardous wastes have been located
Priority areas for habitat preservation because they contain many endemic species
Tropical rainforest areas where there is the greatest species richness
Areas containing the most endangered species

77. Ch. 5 Learning Check
When environmental conditions change, populations that are MOST vulnerable to extinction are
Populations that have reached their carrying capacity
Large populations of small individuals living in urban areas
Large populations of medium-sized individuals living in rural areas
Populations of species that are generalists with regard to needed resources
Populations of species that are specialized with regard to needed resources

78. Ch. 5 Learning Check
When environmental conditions change, populations that are MOST vulnerable to extinction are
Populations that have reached their carrying capacity
Large populations of small individuals living in urban areas
Large populations of medium-sized individuals living in rural areas
Populations of species that are generalists with regard to needed resources
Populations of species that are specialized with regard to needed resources

79. Ch. 5 Learning Check
Which of the following combination of processes can change global species diversity?
Immigration and extirpation
Speciation and extinction
Speciation and immigration
Emigration and extinction
Extirpation and extinction

80. Ch. 5 Learning Check
Which of the following combination of processes can change global species diversity?
Immigration and extirpation
Speciation and extinction
Speciation and immigration
Emigration and extinction
Extirpation and extinction

81. Ch. 5 Learning Check
A population of grazing, deerlike mammals is found on a remote island in forested New Guinea. Which of the following information is most important in determining whether these mammals all belong to a single species?
That they share 99% of their physical traits
Whether they can breed with one another
That the males all have similar antlers
Whether the matings produce viable, fertile offspring
That all of these deerlike mammals appear to eat the same varieties of grass

82. Ch. 5 Learning Check
A population of grazing, deerlike mammals is found on a remote island in forested New Guinea. Which of the following information is most important in determining whether these mammals all belong to a single species?
That they share 99% of their physical traits
Whether they can breed with one another
That the males all have similar antlers
Whether the matings produce viable, fertile offspring
That all of these deerlike mammals appear to eat the same varieties of grass

83. Ch. 5 Learning Check
Earth’s current biodiversity has most likely results from
High rates of mutation in the past millennium
Sympatric speciation
Current climate change pressure
Speciation minus extinction
The wide variety of habitats to fill

84. Ch. 5 Learning Check
Earth’s current biodiversity has most likely results from
High rates of mutation in the past millennium
Sympatric speciation
Current climate change pressure
Speciation minus extinction
The wide variety of habitats to fill

85. Ch. 5 Learning Check
The main reason for the high species extinction rate that we see today is
Global climate change
Invasive disease organisms
Overharvesting of Earth’s valuable biodiversity
The inability of Earth’s biodiversity to adapt
Habitat destruction

86. Ch. 5 Learning Check
The main reason for the high species extinction rate that we see today is
Global climate change
Invasive disease organisms
Overharvesting of Earth’s valuable biodiversity
The inability of Earth’s biodiversity to adapt
Habitat destruction