1. A Short History of Computing, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Dr. Mohamed A. Moustafa
A. Professor of Control & Computer Engineering
Cairo University

2. The World’s First Computer Colossus
Colossus was built at Bletchley Park during WWII.
Bletchley Park was a major code-breaking site. Alan Turing and others worked on cracking the German Engima machine codes.
Colossus was built to decipher the Enigma codes.
Bletchley Park is open today as a museum. It includes a computer museum and a working replica of Colossus.
Top the Colossus computer,
Bottom left Bletchley Park and
Bottom right an Enigma machine.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

3. Computing at Manchester after WWII Mark I
The University of Manchester made a considerable contribution to the development of computing. They produced the first stored program computer, the first floating point machine, the first transistor computer and the first computer to use virtual memory.
Right Images of Mark 1 the computer built at Manchester University after WWII
Above Kilburn and Williams at the Manchester Mark 1 Console
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4. Electrical Engineering Manchester University 1950
Professor F.C. Williams
Tommy Kilburn
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5. The First Computer Program
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6. The First Department of Computer Science
Tommy Kilburn went on to set up a new Department of Computer Science at Manchester, with 12 staff.
The new department was housed in a different building.
The preparation of a new syllabus was of course a major undertaking.
In October 1965 the first intake of 30 first year students arrived.
1948 Professor Tommy Kilburn 1998
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7. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) U.S. Army University of Pennsylvania
ENIAC contained approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, and 6,000 switches.
It was 100 feet long, 10 feet high, and 3 deep. It consumed 140 kilowatts of power.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

8. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
ENIAC on a Chip   ENIAC-on-a-Chip Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania      
Size: 7.44mm x 5.29mm; 174,569 transistors; 0.5 um CMOS technology (triple metal layer).
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

9. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
The Transistor
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley discovered the transistor effect and developed the first device in December 1947, while the three were members of the technical staff at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956.
Developed as a replacement for bulky and inefficient vacuum tubes and mechanical relays, the transistor later revolutionized the entire electronics world.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

10. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Intel
1950's: Shockley leaves Bell Labs to establish Shockley Labs in California. Some of the best young electronic engineers and solid-state physicists come to work with him. These include Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.
1969: Intel was a tiny start-up company in Santa Clara, headed by Noyce and Moore.
1970: Busicom placed an order with Intel for custom calculator chips. Intel had no experience of custom-chip design and sets outs to design a general-purpose solution.
1971: Intel have problems translating architectures into working chip designs - the project runs late.
Faggin joins Intel and solves the problems in weeks.
The result is the Intel 4000 family (later renamed MCS-4, Microcomputer System 4-bit), comprising the 4001 (2k ROM), the 4002 (320-bit RAM), the 4003 (10-bit I/O shift-register) and the 4004, a 4-bit CPU.
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11. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Intel 4004
Introduced in 1971, the Intel 4004 "Computer-on-a-Chip" was a 2300 transistor device capable of performing 60,000 operations per second.
It was the first-ever single-chip microprocessor and had approximately the same performance as the 18,000 vacuum tube ENIAC. The 4-bit Intel C4004 ran at a Clock Speed of 108 KiloHertz.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

12. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
The Intel 4004
Federico Faggin designed the Intel 4004 processor. His initials were printed on the circuit.
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13. The Busicom Calculator
The Busicom calculator used five Intel 4001’s, two 4002’s, three 4003’s and the 4004 CPU
The original engineering prototype of the Busicom desk-top printing calculator, the world’s first commercial product to use a microprocessor.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

14. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Intel 8008
1972: Faggin begins work on an 8-bit processor, the Intel The prototype has serious problems with electrical charge leaking out of its memory circuits. Device physics, circuit design and layout are important new skills. The 8008 chip layout is completely redesigned and the chip is released.
There is a sudden surge in microprocessor interest.
Intel's 8008 is well-received, but system designers want increased speed, easier interfacing, and more I/O and instructions. The improved version, produced by Faggin, is the 8080.
Faggin leaves Intel to start his own company Zilog, who later produce the Z80.
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15. Federico Faggin : Zilog
Zilog produced the 3.5MHz Zilog Z80 (a very popular processor taught in many universities)
… and, later, a 16-bit Z Another great design but Zilog struggled to provide good support, they were a new and inexperienced company and had only a few hundred employees; at this time Intel had over 10 thousand.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

16. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
The Zilog Z80
The Z80 microprocessor is an 8 bit CPU with a 16 bit address bus capable of direct access of 64k of memory space.
It was based on the 8080; it has a large instruction set.
Programming features include an accumulator and six eight bit registers that can be paired as 3-16 bit registers. In addition to the general registers, a stack-pointer, program-counter, and two index (memory pointers) registers are provided.
It had a 40 pin DIP package manufactured in A, B, and C models, differing only in maximum clock speed. It was also manufactured as a stand-alone microcontroller with various configurations of on-chip RAM and EPROM.
It proves useful for low cost control applications.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

17. Early Microcontrollers
1974: Motorola (originally car radio manufacturers) had introduced transistors in the 1950s and decided to make a late but serious effort in the microprocessor market. They announced their 8-bit processor. Though bulky, and fraught with production problems, their 6800 had a good design.
1975: General Motors approach Motorola about a custom-built derivative of the Motorola's long experience with automobile manufacturers pays off and Ford follow GM's lead.
1976: Intel introduce an 8-bit microcontroller, the MCS-48. They ship 251,000 in this year.
1980: Intel introduce the 8051, an 8-bit microcontroller with on-board EPROM memory. They ship 22 million and 91 million in 1983.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

18. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Early Computer Games
1972: The video game industry gets underway as Nolan Bushnell starts his own company, Syzygy, later renamed ATARI.
Bushnell had studied the first 8-bit microprocessors and uses them to duplicate an arcade version of the computer games he had used on his University's computers.
His first attempt at a video game, Computer Space, is 'too complicated' and fails. In his next attempt he decides to "build a game so mindless and self-evident that a monkey or its equivalent (a drunk in a bar) could instantly understand it".
Depressingly, PONG, the electronic equivalent of Ping-Pong, was a great success.
Computer Space – the first arcade video game
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19. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Early Computers
1975: An advert in Popular Electronics describes an $800 ready-to-build computer kit based on the Intel At this time the smallest commercial computers are selling for $30,000.
Steve Wozniak builds a computer in his garage with a $20 8-bit processor from MOS Tech. Inc. (absorbed by Commodore in 1977). This was the prototype for the Apple 1.
1978: Intel announces the 16 bit, 16-bit bus 8086, based on the 8080; it has 10 times the performance.
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

20. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
The Intel 8086
29,000 Transistors
Clock Speeds: 5, 8 and 10 MHz
Introduced: June 8,1978
Approx. 10 times the performance of the 8080
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

21. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Early Computers
1979: Motorola also announce a 16-bit Indisputably, the best microprocessor on the market. It would be used in the Apple Macintosh launched in 1984.
Intel look seriously at the competition (Motorola and Zilog) and implement 'Operation CRUSH' - a huge campaign with a focused and trained work force providing customer support, complete solutions and long-term product support.
CRUSH proves an excellent strategy and the 8086 becomes the de facto standard. This success helps finance additions to their product range, one of which is the bus width reduced 8088, a 16-bit (8-bit bus) microprocessor.
The early Apple Macintosh
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22. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
The IBM PC
1981: IBM, having seen Apple's success recognise a new personal computer market. They choose Intel over Motorola and Zilog (and their own proprietary processors) because of Intel's long-term commitment to the 8086 line.
IBM selects the Intel 8088 for their PC, introduced in August.
Intel bring out the 16-bit for the IBM PC AT but it has weaknesses, most notably in virtual memory support. The newest 'killer' application software, Microsoft Windows, needs a more powerful processor.
IBM’s service to the computer industry was to make the PC 'open', this meant clone makers could compete with IBM-compatible PCs. New companies such as Compaq and Dell (both from Texas) fare well, as do South Korea's Leading Edge and Taiwan's Acer who produce PCs with AT performance at half the price.
1985: Intel announce the a 32-bit microprocessor, of 275,000 transistors. It was the world's best performing processor at this time.
1986 Compaq are the first company to bring out a 386 PC. IBM's 386 PC, the PS/2, does not come out for another year.
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23. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Moore’s Law
Dr. Gordon E. Moore co-founded Intel in 1968.
His observation that number of transistors doubled every 2 years became known as “Moore’s Law”
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24. Transistors per Processor
Moore's original paper
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25. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Text Books:
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, Seventh Edition, © 2005, Prentice-Hall, written by Barry B. Brey
The 8051/8052 Microcontroller: Architecture, Assembly Language, And Hardware Interfacing, Universal Publishers, (2005) by Craig Steiner.
8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall; 2005, by Muhammad Ali Mazidi , and Janice Mazidi.
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26. Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa
Microprocessor Age
The world first microprocessor: Intel 4004
4-bit data, 12-bit address bus (4K-nibble memory)
Instruction set: 45 instructions
Fabrication: P-channel MOSFET
Execution Rate: 50 K Instructions/sec
Updated Version of 4004 ended with 4040
Speed: higher than 4004
8008- The 8-bit version: First release 1971
8-bit data, 16-bit address bus (64K-byte memory)
Instruction set: 48 instructions
Updated Version of 8008 ended with 8085
Speed: 769,230 IPS – 16 times higher than 8008;
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27. Microprocessor Age .. Cont’d
8086/8088 – 1978 releases
- 16-bit data, 20-bit address bus (1 MB memory)
- A small cache- 4 or 6- byte to enhance the speed and performance
- More internal registers
- Complex Instruction Set Computer - CISC
80286 – 1983 release
16-bit data, 24-bit address bus (16MB memory)
A small cache- 4 or 6- byte to enhance the speed 4 MIPS
More internal registers
Complex Instruction Set Computer - CISC
release: a major overall of 16-bit
32-bit data, 32-bit address bus (4G-byte memory)
Instruction set: 48 instructions
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Dr. M. Moustafa

28. Microprocessor Age .. Cont’d
80386SX/SL/SLC/EX – the updated Version of 80386
SX addressed: 16MB memory through 16 bit data and 24 bit address bus
SL/SLC addressed: 32MB memory is addressed through 16 bit data and 25 bit address
SLC contained internal cache
EX contains 24 lines for I/O data
80486 – 1989 release
80386 like processor with built-in co-processor
8-Kbyte cache
50 MIPS (50 MHz version)
80486 updates – 80486DX2
double clocked 66 MHz version
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29. Microprocessor Age .. Cont’d
Pentium Microprocessor 1993
Similar to and 80486
100MHz clock, speed 150 MIPS;
Pentium updates
double clocked 120 MHZ and 133 MHz versions
Pentium-Pro: contained:
3 CPUs, 1 co-processor and 2-level cache (16K L1 and 256K L2)
Pentium II and Pentium II Xeon 1997 contained 2- level cache (32K L1 and 512K or 236K L2)
Pentium III – faster than Pentium II
Pentium IV – 2000 release faster than Pentium III [1.3, 1.4, 1.5 GHz versions]
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30. Introduction to Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device with a designed set of instructions.
It contains three primary components;
a processing unit (ALU), memory, and, input and output (I/O).
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction, and, logic operations such as AND, IOR and XOR.
Memory
Storage of instructions and data.
Input and output (I/O)
Analogue or digital; for external communication.
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31. Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and DSPs
Microprocessor is an “umbrella” term for all types of processor.
Microcontrollers and DSPs evolved from the original microprocessors.
Microcontrollers
Processor specifically designed for control applications.
DSPs
Processors specifically designed for digital signal processing.
Microprocessors
Processors for general purpose processing.
Microprocessors
Microprocessors
Microprocessors
DSPs
Microcontrollers
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32. Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and DSPs Many processors are hybrids, for example, the dsPIC.
(General purpose processors)
DSPs
(Digital Signal Processors)
Designed to be good at mathematics for signal processing.
Microcontrollers
(Processors good at control)
Typically compact, low power, good I/O capacity, limited computational power)
ASICs
(Application Specific Integrated Circuits)
FIXED PURPOSE HARDWARE
FPGAs
(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)
FLEXIBLE PROGRAMABLE HARDWARE
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33. Microprocessor Programming
A program is a set of instructions written in a specific sequence for a processor to accomplish specified tasks.
An instruction is defined as a complete task (such as addition) performed by the microprocessor. Each microprocessor has its own set of instructions.
To be intelligible to the microprocessor, instructions must be supplied in binary, i.e., as machine language.
Assembler language is a symbolic language which represents instructions with short human-readable mnemonics. For example, in PIC assembler a null operation or ‘no operation’ is represented by the mnemonic ‘NOP’.
An assembler is a software tool that converts assembler source programs into machine language object files.
Assemblers contain built-in debugging tools which can detect syntax errors.
For example, ‘MPLAB’ is Microchip's PIC development environment which includes an assembler that generates assembled files (object files) with .HEX extensions which are used to program PIC chips.  
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34. Microprocessor Programming
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the assembly language mnemonics and the machine code instructions.
Machine and assembly languages are referred to as low-level languages.
Programs written in these languages are generally faster and more compact than higher-level language programs but not transferable to other processors.
High-level languages such as C, Pascal and BASIC are machine-independent. Programs (source code) written in these languages are translated by compilers or interpreters into machine language compatible with the given processor. The translated code is called object code. Each microprocessor needs its own compiler or interpreter.
An important advantage of high-level languages is that they are much easier to debug.
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