1. Chemistry Ch 13 Pg 420 Kinetic Theory – ALL matter in motion
Particle collisions are elastic and cause pressure
Solids – atoms crowded, move slightly while staying in crystalline structure
amorphous solid – cools without crystallizing, makes random shards not crystals, ex: glass, plastic, rubber, asphalt Pg 434
Liquids – atoms farther and faster
Gas – farthest and fastest, most compressible, least dense Pg 450

2. Ionic Compounds transfer electrons SOLID, salts, high melting pt
stronger than covalent (shared electrons)
crystalline structure - allotropes – same element, diff structure (amorphous solids – no crystals ex: glass, plastic, rubber)
Allotrope examples:
carbon in layers = graphite in pencils carbon in body centered = diamond
carbon in sphere = soot Pg 434
DO: Pg 434 #20,22 Pg 439 #28

3. Evaporation – room temp, surface
Kinetic Energy – energy of motion
Average Kinetic Energy = temperature
Absolute Zero – all atoms stop moving, theory, 0 K = C
K = C + 273
Evaporation – room temp, surface
Boiling – added energy, bubbles at bottom = liquid changing to gas
Sublimation – solid to gas w/out melt
ex: air fresheners, dry ice Pg 436

4. Atmospheric Pressure – from collisions of air molecules,
less molecules = less pressure (mountaintops, airplanes)
Barometer – measures air pressure, Pg 421
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = kPa
DO: Pg 422 #1,2 Pg 424 #7

5. HIGH PRESSURE – makes it HARDER to boil/freeze/melt/condense
RAISES Boiling Pt (pressure cooker, hot, not boiling) LOWERS Condensing Pt (makes it harder for clouds to form)
LOW PRESSURE – makes it EASIER to boil/freeze/melt/condense
LOWERS Boiling Pt (Pg 429 mtns, cook longer)
RAISES Freezing/Condensing Pt (instant freeze at room temp, clouds form easier)
DO: Pg 429, 430 #14, 438, 444 #56e

6. Gases Ch 14 Pg 450
Boyle’s Law PV=PV marshmallow in syringe, graph Pg 456
Charles’ Law V/T=V/T hot objects expand, cold contracts , ex: expansion joints in sidewalk, graph Pg 458
Gay-Lussac’s Law P/T = P/T pressure increases if trapped air heated, ex: pressure cooker, tires in summer, spray cans ( can explode if P too high) Pg DO: Pg 457 #9,10,Pg 459 #11,12,Pg 461 #13,14

7. Combined Gas Law PV/T = PV/T DO: Pg 462 #15,16
Ideal Gas Law –Pg 464 PV = nRT pay attention to units of R!!
vol = L P = kPa T= K
DO: Pg 465 #26,27

8. Pg 472 Diffusion – movement from high to low concentration
Effusion – gas escaping through a hole, smaller molecules escape faster, such as H and He
Key Equations Pg 478!!!!!!!