1. 2.3
Civil Rights and Equal Protection

2. Baron v. Baltimore 1833
Bill of rights only applies to the federal government

3. The 14th Amendment
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

4. Equal Protection
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;

5. Civil Rights Movement
This clause was used to push for equal rights for many minority groups
Used court cases to secure rights through litigation
Loving v. Virginia (12 Jun 1967)

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964
The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. 
Sex was a last minute addition

7. Voting Rights Act of 1965
 Section 2 of the Act, which closely followed the language of the 15th amendment, applied a nationwide prohibition against the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on the literacy tests on a nationwide basis. Among its other provisions, the Act contained special enforcement provisions targeted at those areas of the country where Congress believed the potential for discrimination to be the greatest. Under Section 5, jurisdictions covered by these special provisions could not implement any change affecting voting until the Attorney General or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia determined that the change did not have a discriminatory purpose and would not have a discriminatory effect. 

8. Letter from a Birmingham Jail
How does this letter by Martin Luther King Jr. reflect the application of the 14th amendments equal protection clause?

9. Women’s Rights Movement
n 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment affirmed that the right to vote “shall not be denied…on account of race.”

10. Myra Bradwell
one of the first to advocate for use of the 14th Amendment to defend women's rights
Successfully earned a law degree, was endorsed by several judges and professors
Denied right to practice law as she hand no legal standing apart from her husband
Claimed the first clause of the 14th amendment granting citizenship gave her equal right

11. Reed v. Reed 1971 14th amendment first applied to women
Ruled that women could not be overlooked in favor of men in court rulings.
Specifically a women’s husband whom she was separated from, was made executer of her deceased sons’ will instead of her, because of gender.

12. National Organization of Women
As the grassroots arm of the women’s movement, the National Organization for Women is dedicated to its multi-issue and multi-strategy approach to women’s rights, and is the largest organization of feminist grassroots activists in the United States.

13. Equal Rights Amendment
Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Originally passed in 1972 with a 7 year limit on ratification, fell 3 states short.

14. Equal Pay Act of 1963
prohibits sex-based wage discrimination between men and women in the same establishment who perform jobs that require substantially equal skill, effort and responsibility under similar working conditions.

15. Title IX of the Education Act of 1972
Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded educationprogram or activity.

16. American with Disabilities Act of 1990
he ADA is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public.

17. Age Discrimination of Employment Act of 1967
(ADEA) protects certain applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment.

18. Affirmative Action
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (26 Jun 1978)

19. Pro life movment
insisted that abortion was not in the best interest of women and their health, and advocated that women facing crisis pregnancies should receive financial assistance instead.

20. Same Sex Marriage
Argued that by not allowing same sex couples to marry, the government was not treating them equally under the law.

21. Black Lives Matter Argues
African Americans are pulled over more frequently that their population numbers would suggest is random
This results in a violation of their civil rights, to be treated equally under the law.