1. Other Nation Building Efforts

2. France Louis Napoleon quickly consolidated his power
Presented himself as a man of the people
Dissolved the Chamber of Deputies over the issue of male suffrage
Rescinded the constitution of 1848

3. In 1852, Napoleon announced the Second Empire, with himself as Emperor Napoleon III
He modernized France internally
Worked with a professional and centrally controlled bureaucracy
Focused on economic development
Founded the Credit Mobilier bank, built railroads, promoted industry

4. Rebuilt the city of Paris
Hired Baron von Haussmann who tore down the old city and replaced it with a modern sanitary system, grand boulevards, opera houses, shopping centers and theaters
After 1860, Napoleon allowed more legislative input, relaxes censorship, and pursued free trade with Great Britain

5. In 1870, Napoleon found himself captured by the Prussian army and the second empire ended
Workers in Paris refused to surrender and established the revolutionary Paris Commune
A popularly elected Constituent Assembly crushed the Paris Commune and established the Third Republic

6. Russia
The Crimean War demonstrated Russia’s weakness as compared to other great powers
Alexander II embarked on a series of top-down reforms that proved too little too late
Abolished serfdom in 1861

7. Peasants continued to live on the village mirs until they paid for the land that they received
Alexander introduced equality into the legal system, abolished corporal and capital punishment, created local assemblies known as zemstvos, and reformed the army

8. Changes did not heal the growing rift between those who emphasized Russia’s unique traditions (Slavophiles) and those who believes Russia needed to become more modern (Westernizers)
Led by discontented individuals, anarchism gained support
Eventually and anarchist inspired group called the People’s Will succeeded in assassinating Alexander

9. Austria-Hungary The Austria Empire was ruled by Franz Joseph I
Attempted to hold together his diverse realm through bureaucracy, the army, and loyalty to the Habsburg Dynasty
Following 1848, Austria focused on internal development and centralization around the German language

10. These policies further alienated the Slavic and Magyar ethnic minorities
Franz Joseph allowed the creation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867
Allowed autonomy for the Magyars but maintained unity through common ministries of finance, foreign affairs, and war
Neither kingdom was democratic

11. The Hungarians pursued Magyarization in their part of the empire
Suppressed the Slavic languages and culture
The Reichsrat often descended into ethnic conflict and Franz Joseph was forced to rule by decree