2. Problems with HVAC Systems
Application of UV-C
Problems with HVAC Systems
How does UV-C help?
What is UV-C
How do UV-C Lamps Work
ASHRAE Update
CDC and GSA specifications
Questions

3. Applications

4. UV in HVACR System Goals
Control Bio-Film
Control Bio-aerosols
Degrade Other Organic Debris
Maintenance
Who enjoys cleaning coils?
So To Reduce:
IAQ Problems
Absenteeism
Energy Use

5. Bio-Contamination

6. Bio-Contamination Causes: Higher Coil ΔP Reduced: Source of: Air Flow
Heat Exchange Efficiency
Drain Pan Drainage
Source of:
Mycotoxins
Endotoxins
Microbial VOC
Other Odor

7. Bio-Lunch at a Well Known
Tobacco Plant

8. Various Infected Coils & Drain Pans

9. Plenums, Fans & Dampers

10. Hospital Drain Pans & Overflow

11. Mold Growth in Filter

12. Mold on Fan

13. Coil Surface Samples

14. THE PROBLEM

15. Energy Consumption
Depending on the region, more than half the energy consumed can be for powering air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.
And electrical power costs are often the largest expenditure for most occupied buildings.
Other
17%
Ventilation
& Cooling
52%
Lighting
31%
Reducing energy use while improving the working environment of a building has always been a common goal.

16. Optimum cooling/ Design
Organic Matter Buildup Lowers Coil Efficiency / Increase in Coil Pressure
New Clean Coil:
Optimum cooling/ Design =
Add only .006”
of bio film:
Decreased efficiency =

17. Typical Responses To The Problem
Speed up Fan
Pump More
Chilled Water
Lower Coil Water Temp a
Increased kWh
Usage on Fan Motors
Increased kWh
Usage on Pump Motors
Significantly Increases kWh Usage on Chiller = = =
INCREASED ENERGY COSTS

18. THE SOLUTION

19. Restore The Coil Efficiency
UV-C on The Coil
UV-C Energy Vaporizes Organic Matter
Energy is Reflected Through The Coil
Week One
Week Five

20. Aluminum surfaces throughout a coil are highly reflective to the UVC wavelength such that there is an increase in Flux Density between coil fins.
Fig. 6 – Ray-tracing computer model of UVC spectral lines being reflected throughout the coil vaporizing organic matter in their path. Twenty only, out of billions of different angle reflections are shown with a 80 percent reflective value.

21. Harvesting Energy Savings From A Restored Cooling Coil
Slow Down Fan
Pump Less
Chilled Water
Raise Coil Water Temp a
Restored kWh
Usage
Restored kWh
Usage
Restores Significant kWh Usage = = =
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SAVINGS

22. UVC-HVAC Applications

23. What is UV-C

24. Light Spectrum

25. Ultraviolet Light Spectrum
1nm = 1/1000 micron
UV-A (315nm - 400nm) - Includes black lights, sun tanning lamps and it is harmful to eyes
UV-B (280nm - 315nm) - Causes sunburn and Skin cancer
UV-C (200nm - 280nm) - Is naturally germicidal, damages the DNA of microbes and more
The Sun produces all 3, UV-A & UV-B make it through the Earth’s atmosphere. UV-C is mostly filtered out

26. DNA Response to UV Energy

27. Germicidal UV-C Lamp 253.7 nm
Light Spectrum
Germicidal UV-C Lamp nm

28. Cell Destruction Electromagnetic energy breaks through cell wall
Damages DNA
Cannot reproduce or feed
Cell “Dies”
UVC energy enters the cell

29. DNA Damage

30. Lamps

31. Many kinds of lamps
Black light
UV-A
UV-C
Germicidal
Fluorescent

32. Fluorescent Impure or “junk” glass; does not transmit UV-C
Contains Mercury (Hg)
Contains Phosphor
Contains Noble gas (Argon is the most common)

33. Germicidal Lamps Glass that transmits UV-C Phosphor is removed
Quartz
Soda Barium (“soft glass”)
Phosphor is removed
Contains Mercury (Hg)
Majority use Argon some use a mixture of Argon/ Neon or maybe a little Xenon

34. Fluorescent Vs. UV-C Lamps

35. Lamp Wattage/ Output Philips Lamp Description Lamp Wattage Diameter
µW/CM2
Philips TUV 4W 4 T5 9
Philips TUV 6W 6 15
Philips TUV 8W 8 21
Philips TUV 10W 10 T8 23
Philips TUV 11W 11 26
Philips TUV 15W 48
Philips TUV 16W 16 45
Philips TUV Fl7T8 17 88
Philips TUV 25W 25 69
Philips TUV 30W 30
100
Philips TUV 36W 36
145
Philips TUV 55W HO 55
150
Philips TUV 75W HO 75
220
Philips TUV 115W-R VHO
115
T12
610
Philips TUV 115W VHO
360
Philips TUV 240W XPT
240 T6
800
Philips TUV 270W XPT
270
T10
920
Philips TUV PL-S 5W/2P 5
PLS
Philips TUV PL-S 7W/2P 7
Philips TUV PL-S 9W/2P 22
Philips TUV PL-S I I W/2P 33
Philips TUV PL-S I 3W/2P 13 31
Philips TUV PL-L I 8W/4P 18
PLL 51
Philips TUV PL-L 24W/4P 24 65
Philips TUV PL-L 35W/4P HO 35
105
Philips TUV PL-L 36W/4P
110
Philips TUV PL-L 55W/4P HF
156
Philips TUV PL-L 60W/4P 60
166
Philips TUV PL-L 95W14P HO 95
250
Philips TUV 36T5 40
144
Philips TUV 64T5
280
Philips TUV 36T5 HO
230
Philips TUV 64T5 HO
442

36. Lamp Intensity Philips TUV 64T5 HO 145 442
For a variety of low pressure mercury TUV lamps, the irradiance
values at I meter distance are expressed below.
Philips Lamp Description
Lamp Wattage
Diameter
Microwatt/CM2
Philips TUV PL-L 35W/4P HO 35
PLL
105
Philips TUV PL-L 36W/4P 36
110
Philips TUV PL-L 55W/4P HF 55
156
Philips TUV PL-L 60W/4P 60
166
Philips TUV PL-L 95W14P HO 95
250
Philips TUV 36T5 40 T5
144
Philips TUV 64T5 75
280
Philips TUV 36T5 HO
230
Philips TUV 64T5 HO
145
442

38. Lamp Intensity Factors
µW/CM2
Philips TUV 64T5 HO
442
Distance from Lamp (inches)
Intensity 2
32.3
14277 3
22.8
10078 4
18.6
8221 6
12.9
5702 8
9.85
4354 10
7.94
3509 12
6.48
2864 14
5.35
2365 18
3.6
1591 24
2.33
1030 36
1.22
539
39.37 1 48
0.681
301 60
0.452
200 80
0.256
113
100
0.169 75
120
0.115 51
Lamps follow the inverse square law
Closer to the lamp the higher the intensity

39. Safety

40. UV-C Exposure limits

41. UV-C Exposure

42. Radiometer

43. HVAC Applications for UV-C
Two distinct applications for UVC
Decontaminating surfaces
Coils
Filters “capture and kill”
Decontaminating moving air-streams
(“on-the-fly”)
“On-The Fly”
Shown is 12,000 MicroWatt/cm2
“Coil”
800 MicroWatt/cm2 shown

49. ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

50. ASHRAE Highlights
2005 -TG 2.UVAS created in Winter Meeting 2005 (Orlando)
TG 2.UVAS was turned into a full TC (TC-2.9)
SPC was formed (“On-the-Fly” kill)
2007- SPC was formed (Surface kill)
ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Published Chapter 16 Highlights UV Fundamentals.
2009 – ASHRAE Board of Directors publishes a position paper on Airborne Infectious Diseases…highlights UV-C
2011 – SPC goes out for public review
2011 – AHSRAE HVAC Applications Handbook Published Chapter 60 covers UV applications

51. 2008 Fundamentals Handbook

52. 2011 HVAC Applications Handbook

53. SPC-185
SPC MOT.UVC Lights for use in air handling units or air ducts to inactivate airborne microorganisms
1. PURPOSE
This standard establishes a test method for evaluating the efficacy of a UVC device for inactivating airborne microorganisms in a moving air stream.
SPC Method of Testing Ultraviolet Lamps for Use in HVAC&R Units or Air Ducts on Irradiated Surfaces.
This standard establishes a test method for measuring the intensity of ultraviolet lamps on irradiated surfaces under typical HVAC&R operating conditions

54. Position Document

55. Airborne Infectious Diseases
There are three general UVGI strategies: installation into ventilating ducts, irradiation of the upper zones of occupied spaces, and in-room irradiation after one occupant and before the next.
Filtration and UVGI controls research are given top priority because less is known about how these controls can be applied in buildings and HVAC systems to decrease disease events.

56. Research Priority

57. ASHRAE 2012-New Committee
New Committee is being formed to write “PD” position documents for “Air Cleaning Devices”
Air Filtration
UV-C
Others
Will last 18 months
10 – 15 documents will be presented to ASHRAE for publication.

58. CDC Guidelines

59. TB in Pakistan
Tuberculosis (TB), an illness that mainly affects the respiratory system, is one of the world's most pernicious diseases.
TB currently infects one-third of the world's population and kills approximately 1.7 million people each year.
Tuberculosis is a leading killer of young adults worldwide
Pakistan cases are estimated at 286,000 annually
Pakistan ranked 6th in the world on TB burden

60. CDC
Because of the results of numerous studies ( ) and the experiences of TB clinicians and mycobacteriologists during the past several decades, the use of UVGI has been recommended as a supplement to other TB infection-control measures in settings where the need for killing or inactivating tubercle bacilli is important (2,4, ).
Commercially available UV lamps used for germicidal purposes are low-pressure mercury vapor lamps (127) that emit radiant energy in the UV-C range, predominantly at a wavelength of nm (128).

61. Correctional Facilities

62. GSA Specification

63. Section Five, Sub-Section 5.8, Page 135
GSA Specification
Implemented in 2000
Last revision was in 2005
Section Five, Sub-Section 5.8, Page 135
HVAC Components
Revised March 2005 – PBS-P100

64. GSA Section 5.8, pg 135

65. UL “proposed”
Will require AHU manufactures to test for leaking of UV from cabinets.
The emissions from the equipment shall not exceed an effective irradiance value of 0.1 microWatts/cm2
The ratings of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation lamp system shall include, lamp rating in watts and voltage.
Conclusion:
OEM’s will rate cabinets for the maximum “Lamp Watts”

66. Take Away Remember ALL Germicidal lamps have their output at 253.7nm
Wattage dictates output…higher wattage = More UV-C output
Finally, A Watt is A Watt

67. UV-C Benefits Improves Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Cleans coils and drain pans
Recovers coil efficiencies
Reduces energy consumption
ASHRAE acceptance
Two chapters, two proposed test standards & Position Documents
Should be a “Standard of Care”

68. Thank You