1. November 2nd, 2018
Aim: How are we going to advance our SAT vocabulary skills?
Do Now: Copy three of the words that are not familiar to you and use your phone/dictionary for the definition. Write a sentence that makes sense for each word.

2. SAT VOCABULARY: Chapter 4
31. appall 36. kindle
32. cognizant 37. lavish
33. commiserate 38. ludicrous
34. expedient 39. negligent
35. hindrance 40. scrutinize
Page 36 in textbook.

3. Appalling damage caused by a forest fire
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
31 appall
– verb
• At the end of World War II, the facts that emerged about the Nazi concentration camps and death camps appalled the entire world.
• “When the facts about this awful crime are disclosed,” said the prosecutor, “they will appall you and show clearly that the defendant is a monster.”
Appall means
A. to appeal to.
B. to shock or horrify.
C. to bore.
Page 36 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Appalling damage caused by a forest fire
FEMA news photo

4. Appalling damage caused by a forest fire
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
31 appall
– verb
• At the end of World War II, the facts that emerged about the Nazi concentration camps and death camps appalled the entire world.
• “When the facts about this awful crime are disclosed,” said the prosecutor, “they will appall you and show clearly that the defendant is a monster.”
Appall means
A. to appeal to.
B. to shock.
C. to bore.
Page 36 in textbook.
Hearing for the first time about horrors of the concentration and death camps would shock anyone. Hearing about an awful crime committed by a “monster” would shock a jury.
Appalling damage caused by a forest fire
FEMA news photo

5. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 32 cognizant – adjective Cognizant means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
32 cognizant
– adjective
• After a picnic in the woods, Shawn found a tick on his ankle and then developed a rash. Cognizant of the risk of Lyme disease, he saw his doctor right away.
• Many Americans have diabetes without being cognizant of their condition.
Cognizant means
A. confused by.
B. conscious of or aware.
C. careless about.
Page 36 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.

6. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 32 cognizant – adjective Cognizant means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
32 cognizant
– adjective
• After a picnic in the woods, Shawn found a tick on his ankle and then developed a rash. Cognizant of the risk of Lyme disease, he saw his doctor right away.
• Many Americans have diabetes without being cognizant of their condition.
Cognizant means
A. confused by.
B. conscious of.
C. careless about.
Page 36 in textbook.
Shawn must have been conscious of the possibility that he had Lyme disease since he sought medical care right away. Many Americans may not realize they have diabetes if they aren’t conscious of the symptoms and risk factors associated with the disease.

7. A sculpture of friends commiserating
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
33 commiserate
– verb
• Mom was disappointed with the widows’ support group. The members just wanted to commiserate with each other, but she wanted to learn about positive steps to take, not just get sympathy.
• When my dog died, my friends tried to commiserate with me, but they didn’t really understand how I was feeling.
Commiserate means
A. to express sorrow.
B. to draw a comparison.
C. to complain.
Page 36 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Matt Glaman
A sculpture of friends commiserating

8. A sculpture of friends commiserating
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
33 commiserate
– verb
• Mom was disappointed with the widows’ support group. The members just wanted to commiserate with each other, but she wanted to learn about positive steps to take, not just get sympathy.
• When my dog died, my friends tried to commiserate with me, but they didn’t really understand how I was feeling.
Commiserate means
A. to express sorrow.
B. to draw a comparison.
C. to complain.
Page 36 in textbook.
If she got sympathy from the other widows, then they must have expressed sorrow for her loss. People would be likely to express sorrow for their friend’s loss.
Photo: Matt Glaman
A sculpture of friends commiserating

9. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 34 expedient – adjective Expedient means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
34 expedient
– adjective
• Marty’s interest in Elaine seems entirely expedient; he knows she has money, and he wants to marry someone wealthy who will support him.
• In order to sell his old car for the highest possible price, Jim did the expedient thing: he slapped a new coat of paint on it and didn’t mention that it needed new brakes and a new exhaust system.
Expedient means
A. unbelievable.
B. admirable.
C. self-interested or convenient.
Page 36 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

10. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 34 expedient – adjective Expedient means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
34 expedient
– adjective
• Marty’s interest in Elaine seems entirely expedient; he knows she has money, and he wants to marry someone wealthy who will support him.
• In order to sell his old car for the highest possible price, Jim did the expedient thing: he slapped a new coat of paint on it and didn’t mention that it needed new brakes and a new exhaust system.
Expedient means
A. unbelievable.
B. admirable.
C. self-interested.
Page 36 in textbook.
Marty is acting out of pure self-interest: his only reason for marrying Elaine is her money. Jim was so self-interested that he used deception to sell his car, rather than mention its defective brakes and exhaust system.

11. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 35 hindrance – noun Hindrance means A. a cause.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
35 hindrance
– noun
• Some people seem perfectly willing to lie if the truth would be a hindrance to getting what they want.
• Her tendency to faint at the sight of blood will be a hindrance to Tonya’s plan to become a nurse.
Hindrance means
A. a cause.
B. an effect.
C. a barrier or obstacle.
An athlete
who’s overcome
a hindrance
Page 36 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Dept. of Veterans Affairs

12. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 35 hindrance – noun Hindrance means A. a cause.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
35 hindrance
– noun
• Some people seem perfectly willing to lie if the truth would be a hindrance to getting what they want.
• Her tendency to faint at the sight of blood will be a hindrance to Tonya’s plan to become a nurse.
Hindrance means
A. a cause.
B. an effect.
C. a barrier.
An athlete
who’s overcome
a hindrance
Page 36 in textbook.
When truth is a barrier to getting what they want, some people try to get around it by lying. Fainting at the sight of blood would be a barrier to becoming a nurse, since nurses often have to handle blood.
Photo: Dept. of Veterans Affairs

13. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 36 kindle – verb Kindle means A. to stop.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
36 kindle
– verb
• Before Tyrone joined the navy, Callie had thought of him as “just a friend.” But his warm, affectionate letters began to kindle her love for him.
• The senator’s lifelong devotion to politics was kindled early, when she was elected president of her high-school senior class.
Kindle means
A. to stop.
B. to inspire.
C. to change.
Page 36 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.

14. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 36 kindle – verb Kindle means A. to stop.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
36 kindle
– verb
• Before Tyrone joined the navy, Callie had thought of him as “just a friend.” But his warm, affectionate letters began to kindle her love for him.
• The senator’s lifelong devotion to politics was kindled early, when she was elected president of her high-school senior class.
Kindle means
A. to stop.
B. to inspire.
C. to change.
Page 36 in textbook.
Warm, affectionate letters could inspire a woman to change her feelings from friendship to love. Holding office in high-school government could inspire a lifelong devotion to politics.

15. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 37 lavish – adjective Lavish means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
37 lavish
– adjective
• The lavish new offices looked very impressive, but behind all that splendor, the company was going broke.
• Avery celebrated his promotion by taking his friends out for a lavish dinner. “The best of everything!” he told the waiter. “And it’s all on me.”
Lavish means
A. overly luxurious.
B. subtle.
C. amusing.
Page 37 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
White House Photo: Shealah Craighead
A lavish setting for one of
President Bush’s state dinners

16. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 37 lavish – adjective Lavish means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
37 lavish
– adjective
• The lavish new offices looked very impressive, but behind all that splendor, the company was going broke.
• Avery celebrated his promotion by taking his friends out for a lavish dinner. “The best of everything!” he told the waiter. “And it’s all on me.”
Lavish means
A. overly luxurious.
B. subtle.
C. amusing.
Page 37 in textbook.
The word splendor suggests that the offices were overly luxurious. Since Avery insisted on having “the best of everything,” the dinner was probably overly luxurious.
White House Photo: Shealah Craighead
A lavish setting for one of
President Bush’s state dinners

17. A ludicrous outfit for a dog
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
38 ludicrous
– adjective
• Struggling in the wind and rain with my umbrella, which had turned inside out, while my dog tugged wildly at his leash and my bag of groceries burst and spilled, I must have been a ludicrous sight.
• “Diet Tips from Space Aliens”; “Five-Year-Old Gives Birth to Basketball Team”; “Florida Floating Out to Sea”—no idea seems too ludicrous to be reported in the supermarket tabloids.
Ludicrous means
A. horrifying.
B. ridiculous.
C. inspiring.
Page 37 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
A ludicrous outfit for a dog

18. A ludicrous outfit for a dog
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
38 ludicrous
– adjective
• Struggling in the wind and rain with my umbrella, which had turned inside out, while my dog tugged wildly at his leash and my bag of groceries burst and spilled, I must have been a ludicrous sight.
• “Diet Tips from Space Aliens”; “Five-Year-Old Gives Birth to Basketball Team”; “Florida Floating Out to Sea”—no idea seems too ludicrous to be reported in the supermarket tabloids.
Ludicrous means
A. horrifying.
B. ridiculous.
C. inspiring.
Page 37 in textbook.
Losing control of his or her belongings made the person feel ridiculous looking. These headlines are ridiculous because they describe impossible situations.
A ludicrous outfit for a dog

19. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 39 negligent – adjective Negligent means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
39 negligent
– adjective
• While Hester may be a negligent housekeeper—her apartment is dusty and untidy—she makes up for it by being a loving, conscientious mother.
• It’s not surprising that Rich flunked out of college. His attitude toward studying has always been negligent.
Negligent means
A. anxious.
B. amusing.
C. careless.
Page 37 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

20. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 39 negligent – adjective Negligent means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
39 negligent
– adjective
• While Hester may be a negligent housekeeper—her apartment is dusty and untidy—she makes up for it by being a loving, conscientious mother.
• It’s not surprising that Rich flunked out of college. His attitude toward studying has always been negligent.
Negligent means
A. anxious.
B. amusing.
C. careless.
Page 37 in textbook.
Dust and lack of tidiness are signs of careless housekeeping. A careless attitude toward studying often results in failing grades.

21. Scrutinizing a spacecraft before takeoff
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
40 scrutinize
– verb
• The detectives scrutinized the crime scene for fingerprints and other clues.
• Before handing in his report, Dan was told to scrutinize it for misspellings and other errors.
Scrutinize means
A. to inspect.
B. to describe.
C. to add to.
Page 37 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: NASA
Scrutinizing a spacecraft before takeoff

22. Scrutinizing a spacecraft before takeoff
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
40 scrutinize
– verb
• The detectives scrutinized the crime scene for fingerprints and other clues.
• Before handing in his report, Dan was told to scrutinize it for misspellings and other errors.
Scrutinize means
A. to inspect.
B. to describe.
C. to add to.
Page 37 in textbook.
It is the job of detectives to inspect crime scenes for clues. It is important to inspect written work and correct errors before turning in a final copy.
Photo: NASA
Scrutinizing a spacecraft before takeoff

23. Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
SENTENCE CHECK Name: __________________________Period: _________
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
1. Janna’s parents were _____________ of her problems at school, but they did not know the cause until a psychologist diagnosed a learning disability.
2. It’s OK not to have a car in the city, where public transportation is available; but the lack of a car is a real _______________ to getting around in the country.
3. We exclaimed with delight over our __________________ hotel room, with its thick rug, brocade curtains, and gorgeous furniture.
4. The amount of food that’s wasted in the school cafeteria _________________(s) me—surely there must be some way to share all that extra food with people who need it.
5. Delia is ____________ about nutrition. She eats mostly junk food, when she bothers to eat at all.
6. “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone” is an old saying. It means that others would rather share your happiness than _________________ with you over your sorrow
7. Handwriting experts ________________ letters, notes, and signatures to identify the writers.
8. The Mitchells hope that letting their children have a puppy will ________________ the children’s sense of responsibility and help them develop respect for animals.
9. It was _______________ for James to tell his new girlfriend, “I attended one of the finest colleges in the country,” without mentioning that he’d flunked out.
10. The very funny Marx Brothers comedies are full of ________________ scenes, such as the one
in A Night at the Opera in which fifteen people are stuffed into a room the size of a large closet.
*For extra credit, use 3 of the words in one sentence correctly. Write your sentence at the back.
Page 38 in textbook.
Answers: 1. cognizant; 2. hindrance
The next slide explains the answers.

24. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
1. Janna’s parents were __________ of her problems at school, but they did not know the cause until a psychologist diagnosed a learning disability.
Being aware of the problems is contrasted with knowing the cause.
2. It’s OK not to have a car in the city, where public transportation is available; but the lack of a car is a real __________ to getting around in the country.
Page 38 in textbook.
Since there is little public transportation available in the country, not having a car would be an obstacle to getting around.

25. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
1. Janna’s parents were __________ of her problems at school, but they did not know the cause until a psychologist diagnosed a learning disability.
cognizant
Being aware of the problems is contrasted with knowing the cause.
2. It’s OK not to have a car in the city, where public transportation is available; but the lack of a car is a real __________ to getting around in the country.
hindrance
Page 38 in textbook.
Since there is little public transportation available in the country, not having a car would be an obstacle to getting around.

26. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
3. We exclaimed with delight over our ________ hotel room, with its thick rug, brocade curtains, and gorgeous furniture.
4. The amount of food that’s wasted in the school cafeteria ______(s) me—surely there must be some way to share all that extra food with people who need it.
Page 38 in textbook.
Answers: 3. lavish; 4. appall; 5. negligent
The next slide explains the answers.
5. Delia is __________ about nutrition. She eats mostly junk food, when she bothers to eat at all.

27. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
3. We exclaimed with delight over our ________ hotel room, with its thick rug, brocade curtains, and gorgeous furniture.
lavish
Delight over its “gorgeous” décor suggests the room was extravagant.
4. The amount of food that’s wasted in the school cafeteria ________ me—surely there must be some way to share all that extra food with people who need it.
appalls
Page 38 in textbook.
The speaker is dismayed that much-needed food is needlessly wasted.
5. Delia is __________ about nutrition. She eats mostly junk food, when she bothers to eat at all.
negligent
People who skip meals or eat junk food don’t care about good nutrition.

28. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
6. “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone” is an old saying. It means that others would rather share your happiness than ___________ with you over your sorrows.
7. Handwriting experts __________ letters, notes, and signatures to identify the writers.
Page 38 in textbook.
Answers: 6. commiserate; 7. scrutinize
The next slide explains the answers.

29. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
6. “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone” is an old saying. It means that others would rather share your happiness than ___________ with you over your sorrows.
commiserate
Sharing happiness is contrasted with sympathizing about others’ sorrows.
7. Handwriting experts __________ letters, notes, and signatures to identify the writers.
scrutinize
Page 38 in textbook.
To detect individual differences in writing styles, experts must carefully examine samples of handwritten materials.

30. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
8. The Mitchells hope that letting their children have a puppy will __________ the children’s sense of responsibility and help them develop respect for animals.
9. It was __________ for James to tell his new girlfriend, “I attended one of the finest colleges in the country,” without mentioning that he’d flunked out.
Page 38 in textbook.
Answers: 8. kindle; 9. expedient; 10. ludicrous
The next slide explains the answers.
10. The very funny Marx Brothers comedies are full of __________ scenes, such as the one in A Night at the Opera in which fifteen people are stuffed into a room the size of a large closet.

31. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. appall B. cognizant C. commiserate
D. expedient
E. hindrance
F. kindle G. lavish H. ludicrous
I. negligent
J. scrutinize
8. The Mitchells hope that letting their children have a puppy will __________ the children’s sense of responsibility and help them develop respect for animals.
kindle
Caring for a pet is a way to arouse responsibility and respect for animals.
9. It was __________ for James to tell his new girlfriend, “I attended one of the finest colleges in the country,” without mentioning that he’d flunked out.
expedient
Page 38 in textbook.
It is self-serving to boast of accomplishments while hiding one’s failures.
10. The very funny Marx Brothers comedies are full of __________ scenes, such as the one in A Night at the Opera in which fifteen people are stuffed into a room the size of a large closet.
ludicrous
The word funny and the scene described suggest that ludicrous means “laughable.”