1. What is it? What are the dark spots? What are the light areas?
Tissue cells (specifically, smooth muscle)
Nuclei
Cytoplasm, cell bodies

2. Body Tissues
What We are Made Of!

3. Objectives I will be able to:
name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories.
explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally.
give chief locations of the various tissue types in the body.
describe the process of tissue repair (wound healing).

4. Tissues
tissue: a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function
The human body starts out as a single cell.
This single cell divides trillions of times over the lifetime of the organism.
These cells become specialized for particular functions.
Cell specialization can be hazardous to the body.
The loss of indispensable types of cells can disable or destroy the body.

5. Epithelial Tissue
epithelium: a primary tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines body cavities, ducts, and vessels
Epithelial tissue is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body.
Functions:
Protection: It protects us from the outside world. Example - skin
Absorption: Example – Stomach and intestinal lining absorb chemical substances and digested food.
Filtration: Example – Kidneys filter the blood.
Secretion: It forms glands that secrete chemical substances.

6. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Characteristics:
They fit closely together to form continuous sheets.
They have one free surface or edge.
The epithelial anchored surface rests on a basement membrane.
They have no blood supply of their own, but depend on diffusion from the capillaries in underlying connective tissue.
If well –nourished, epithelial cells regenerate themselves easily.

7. Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelia
Each epithelium has two words in its name.
The first word indicates the number of cell layers.
Simple epithelium has one layer of cells.
Stratified epithelium has two or more cell layers.

8. Epithelial Tissue The second word describes the shape of its cells.
Squamous cells are flattened.
Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped.
Columnar cells are shaped like columns.
Stratified epithelia describe the cells at the surface of the layers as underlying layers may be squished and variable in shape.

9. Epithelial Tissue Simple Epithelia Stratified Epithelia
Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar
Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional

10. Epithelial Tissue
gland: an organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination.
secretion: a substance produced by a cell that is transported to the cell exterior
excretion: a substance produced by a cell that is eliminated from the body
glandular epithelium: epithelium composed of cells that produce and secrete substances

11. Epithelial Tissue Types of Glands:
Endocrine glands lose their ducts and so secrete hormones directly into blood vessels by diffusion.
Exocrine glands retain their ducts so their secretions exit through the ducts directly to the epithelial surface.

12.  What are the four functions of epithelial tissue?
Can stratified epithelial tissue keep adding layers? Why or why not?
Identify each of these epithelial tissues.
Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion – simple cuboidal, simple squamous, simple columnar, stratified squamous

13. Connective Tissue Connective tissue connects body parts together.
Functions:
Wraps around organs to cushion and protect them.
Stores nutrients.
Internal support for organs.
As tendons and ligaments, protects joints and attaches muscles to bone and to each other.
Runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength.

14. Connective Tissue
vascular: of, relating to, containing, or being bodily vessels that carry fluid (as blood in an animal or sap in a plant)
Connective tissue characteristics:
Variations in blood supply
Most connective tissues are well vascularized.
Exceptions include tendons, ligaments, and cartilage, these heal slowly due to limited blood supply.
Extracellular matrix
Connective tissue is made of many types of cells and surrounded by a matrix made of fibers and different amounts of nonliving substances.

15. Connective Tissue Ground substance – gel around cells and fibers
Basic Components:
Ground substance – gel around cells and fibers
Fibers – provide strength, elasticity, and support
Cells
Differences in connective tissue result from:
Specific cell types
Specific fiber types
Number of fibers in the matrix

16. Connective Tissue Types of Connective Tissue:
Bone is composed of osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in cavities called lacunae (pits) surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix made of calcium salts and large numbers of collagen fibers.
Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) that provide strength and flexibility while resisting wear. Cushions and shock absorbs where bones meet.
Types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage – stiff but flexible, abundant in long bones, trachea, and fetus (where most is replaced with bone as we grow).
Fibrocartilage – highly compressible cushion-like discs between vertebrae.
Elastic cartilage – very elastic or flexible, (external ear)

17. Connective Tissue
Dense connective tissue is composed of many fibers with fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) crowded between the fibers (tendons, ligaments, and lower layers of the skin).
Loose connective tissue is composed of fewer fibers and more cells creating a softer texture. Loose connective tissue consists of three main types:
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue

18. Connective Tissue
Areolar connective tissue is a soft, pliable, somewhat like a messy cobweb. It is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body.
It cushions and protects body organs, holds internal organs together and in their proper positions.
Lamina propia is a type of areolar connective tissue underlying all mucous membranes. It consists of a loose network of fibers with lots of space in between that contains fluid. This fluid (mostly water and dissolved salts) acts to provide nutrients to cells and receive wastes from the cells.
When there is inflammation in the body, the lamina propia soaks up excess fluid and swells and becomes puffy. This swelling is called edema.

19. Connective Tissue
Adipose connective tissue is commonly called “fat” and is an areolar tissue composed of adipose cells. An adipose cell contains a droplet of oil that squeezes the nucleus and displaces it to one side of the cell.
Adipose tissue forms subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin where it insulates and protects the body from bumps and temperature extremes. Additionally, it protects certain organs and acts as storage sites (fat depots) in the hips, breasts, and belly.
Reticular connective tissue is a delicate network of interwoven reticular cells that form stroma. Stroma are the internal framework of some organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow) that support blood cells.

20. Connective Tissue
Blood or vascular tissue, is connective tissue because it is blood cells surrounded by a fluid matrix called blood plasma. The fibers of blood are soluble proteins that only become visible during blood clotting.
Blood is the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, white blood cells, and many other substances.

21.  Which connective tissue is the strongest? Why?
Which connective tissue is the weakest? Why?
What is edema?
Bone tissue, very hard matrix made of calcium salts and large numbers of collagen fibers.
Blood, blood cells are surrounded by a fluid matrix called blood plasma.
Swelling that occurs when the lamina propia soaks up excess fluid and swells and becomes puffy.

22. Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissues are highly specialized to contract, or shorten in order to create movement.
There are three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Functions:
Responsible for body movement
Moves blood, food, and waste through the body’s organs
Responsible for mechanical digestion

23. Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscles are large body muscles that exhibit voluntary movement response.
They are striated muscle packed in bundles and attached to bone for movement.
When skeletal muscles contract, they pull on bones or skin, resulting in gross body movement or changes in facial expressions.
Skeletal muscles are long, cylindrical, and multi-nucleated with obvious striations.
Often called muscle fibers.

24. Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle is found only in the heart wall.
Cardiac muscle cells are short, branching, cylindrical in shape, striated, and with one nucleus.
Cells are connected at intercalated discs.
Gap junctions at the intercalated discs allow ions to pass from cell to cell to synchronize contractions during heart beats.
Function involuntarily.

25. Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle (also called visceral muscle)
is found in organ and blood vessel walls.
Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus,
are nonstriated, and are spindle shaped (tapered at both ends).
peristalsis: wave-like contractions seen in tube-like organs that propel substances along a tract
Smooth muscle slowly contracts in rhythm to constrict and dilate organ spaces to move substances (peristalsis).
Functions involuntarily.

26.  Identify the type of muscle tissue and the structures.
Skeletal muscle, 1. nuclei, 2. cell, 3. striations
Cardiac muscle, 4. nuclei, 5. cell, 6. intercalated discs, 7. striations
Smooth muscle, 8. nuclei, 9, cell

27.  What are the functions of muscle tissue?
How are skeletal muscle cells different from cardiac and smooth cells?
How does cardiac muscle synchronize contractions?
1. Responsible for body movement, Moves blood, food, and waste through the body’s organs, Responsible for mechanical digestion.
2. Packed in bundles, are multi-nucleated, and function voluntarily.
3. Gap junctions at the intercalated discs allow ions to pass from cell to cell to synchronize contractions during heart beats.

28. Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia cells.
Neurons receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another.
Neuroglia cells insulate, support, and protect neurons.
Elements of nervous tissue:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

29. Nervous Tissue
Cytoplasm of neurons is drawn out into long processes (extensions) that can be up to 3 feet long.
This increases the speed of impulses to distant body locations.
Functions: internal communication and control
Functional characteristics include a) irritability and b) conductivity.

30. 
What are the functional differences between neurons and neuroglial cells?
What does it mean when we say nervous tissue is irritable?
How does the extended length of a neuron’s processes aid its function in the body?
Neurons receive and conduct impulses, Neuroglia cells insulate, support, and protect neurons.
Nervous tissue is able to respond to stimuli.
The extended length allows for a faster response to stimuli and to easily reach distant parts of the body.

31. Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
The body has several defenses against injuries and uninvited organisms.
These defenses include:
skin and mucous membranes,
cilia, and
strong stomach acids.
When tissue sustains an injury, the inflammation and immune responses are stimulated and healing begins almost immediately.
Inflammation is a nonspecific response to prevent further injury.
Immune response is a specific attack response against recognized invaders.

32. Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
Tissue repair happens in two different ways:
regeneration and
fibrosis.
Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue.
Fibrosis is the repair of dense fibrous connective tissue and forms scar tissue.
The type of tissue repair depends on two things:
the type of tissue damage and
how severe the injury is.

33. Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
When tissue injury occurs, repair and healing follows a three-step process.
Inflammation
Injured cells release inflammatory chemicals that cause capillaries to become very permeable.
Fluid rich in clotting proteins seeps from the bloodstream into the injured area.
A clot forms to stop blood loss and hold the edges of the wound together.
This protects surrounding tissue from bacteria and harmful substances and forms a scab.

34. Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
Granulation tissue forms.
Delicate, pink tissue full of capillaries grows into the damaged area from nearby blood vessels.
Granulation tissue also contains phagocytes to dispose of the clot after healing and connective tissue cells to permanently bridge the gap of the wound.
Regeneration and Fibrosis
Surface epithelium regenerates between the granulation tissue and the scab.
The scab detaches leaving a scar in the skin.

35. 2nd Degree Burn Repair
1 Month Months months Months

36. 
What muscle type(s) is(are) injured when you pull a muscle during exercise?
Which tissue type forms scar tissue?
Describe the two types of tissue repair.
Skeletal muscle
Dense fibrous connective tissue
3. Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue. Fibrosis is the repair of dense fibrous connective tissue and forms scar tissue.

37.  Review What is a tissue? What are the four main types of tissues?
What are the four functions of epithelial tissue?
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Describe the two types of glands.
What are the two main characteristics of connective tissue?
Name a connective tissue with (1) a soft fluid matrix and (2) a hard, stony matrix.
1. a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function
2. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
3. Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Secretion
4. By number of layers and by shape of cells
5. Endocrine glands lose their ducts and so secrete hormones directly into blood vessels by diffusion. Exocrine glands retain their ducts so their secretions exit through the ducts directly to the epithelial surface.
6. Variations in blood supply, Extracellular matrix
7. blood, bone

38.  Review What are the three functions of muscle tissue?
Which muscle types are voluntary and involuntary and why?
What causes cardiac muscle fibers to contract in synchronicity?
What is peristalsis and where does it primarily occur?
Are these the only places peristalsis happens?
What is the function of neurons?
What is the function of neuroglia cells?
1. a) Responsible for body movement. B) Moves blood, food, and waste through the body’s organs. C) Responsible for mechanical digestion
2. Voluntary = skeletal, body movement needs to be a conscious choice. Involuntary = cardiac and smooth, their functions have to continue even if we are asleep.
3. Gap junctions at the intercalated discs allow ions to pass from cell to cell to synchronize contractions during heart beats.
4. wave-like contractions seen in tube-like organs that propel substances along a tract. The throat and the intestines, but
5. also where ever there are ducts for transporting substances.
6. Neurons receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another.
7. Neuroglia cells insulate, support, and protect neurons.

39.  Review What defenses does the body have against injury and invasion?
Describe the body’s two main responses to injury.
Describe two different ways tissue repair happens.
The type of tissue repair depends on what?
What are the three steps in the healing process?
What determines how big a scar is left after healing?
1. a) skin and mucous membranes, b) cilia, and c) strong stomach acids
2. Inflammation is a nonspecific response to prevent further injury. Immune response is a specific attack response against recognized invaders.
3. Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue. Fibrosis is the repair of dense fibrous connective tissue and forms scar tissue.
4. The type of tissue damage and how severe the injury is.
5. Inflammation, Granulation tissue forms, Regeneration and fibrosis
6. How severe the injury was to begin with.

40. Web Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psq5PrralhI
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