1. Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals
Fourth Edition By
Marilyn Friend
Kerri Martin,
Contributor
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed, Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Chapter 8
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Objectives
Outline the development of the field of intellectual disabilities; define current terminology, including developmental disabilities; explain the prevalence and causes
Describe characteristics of individuals with ID
Explain how intellectual disabilities are identified
Outline how learners with ID receive their education
Describe recommended educational practices for students with intellectual disabilities
Explain the perspectives and concerns that parents and families of students with intellectual disabilities may have
Identify trends and issues influencing the field of intellectual disabilities
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Development of the Field of ID
Time Period
Person or Group
Event
Early 19th c.
Researchers
Study of people with ID
20th century
Viewed as inherited; criminal tendencies
Early 20th c.
Medical
Shifts to custodial care; away from education; low point
1961
Professionals
Mental Retardation replaces derogatory terms
1972
PARC
FAPE for children with ID
1992
AAMR
Includes context in definition; adaptive behavior
2010
Rosa’s Law
All federal language changed to intellectual disabilities
Book title, #Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. IDEA Definition
“…significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” (IDEA 20 U.S.C. §1401 [2004], 20 C.F.R. §300.8[c][13])
Book titleSpecial Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. AAIDD Definition
Characterized by intellectual and adaptive behavioral limitations emerging before 18 years of age:
Must be assessed in environments typical for age and culture
Must consider cultural, linguistic, communication, and sensory factors
Must consider strengths as well as limitations
Purpose of describing limitations is to develop support needs
Appropriate personalized supports will, over time, improve the life functioning of the individual with ID
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities
0.75% in special education % more served
CDC estimates 3.65% of school-aged
Little research on gender differences
African American boys 2.75 times more likely than others to be identified
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Causes of Intellectual Disability
Prenatal
Chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome; Fragile X of Martin-Bell syndrome; Prader-Willi syndrome)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Toxoplasmosis
Perinatal
Prematurity
Birth injury (oxygen deprivation or injury)
Postnatal
Encephalitis
Lead poisoning
Brain injury
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Traditional IQ Score Range
Mild
Profound
Moderate
Severe
Percentage of Population 2%
13.5%
34%
34%
13.5% 2% IQ 25 40 55 70 85
100
115
130
145
160
175
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Cognitive Functioning Problems
Working memory
Generalization
Metacognition
Motivation
Language
Academic skills
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Social, Behavior, and Emotional Characteristics
More likely to be rejected by peers
Immature behavior
Inappropriate responses in social situations
Difficulty understanding subtle social cues
Problems with adaptive behaviors (communication, self-directions, etc.)
Unusual behaviors related to specific disability
Experience more loneliness
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Identifying Intellectual Disabilities
Assessment of Intellectual Functioning
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Stanford-Binet
Assessment of Adaptive Behavior
AAIDD Adaptive Behavior Scale
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Assessment of Medical Factors
Input from appropriate professionals needed
Consideration of medicines, risks, and limitations
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Eligibility Questions
Does the student’s intelligence, as measured on a formal individual assessment, fall at least 2 standard deviations below the mean (70 or below)?
Does the student display deficits in adaptive behavior?
Do the student’s characteristics adversely affect educational performance?
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Early Childhood Education
Services may begin during first months of life
Services are family oriented and may occur in the child’s home
Most begin preschool at age 3
Programs stress language skills, motor development and pre-academic skills
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Elementary and Secondary School Services
Students entitled to education in LRE
Most in a special education classroom
Extent of participation in the general curriculum depends on level of functioning
Many options for classroom support
Alternative assignments
Paraprofessionals
Life skills, applied academic skills, or community-based instruction
Job coach
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. General Education Classroom
Inclusive Practices
General Education Classroom
Determine percentage of school day to spend in general education on individual basis
Provide a continuum of supports and placements
Teams review and revise students’ progress and goals
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Helps students shift from school to adulthood
Transition
Helps students shift from school to adulthood
Students may exit school with peers around age 18 or stay in school until age 21
Transition plan required by IDEA
Team(s) provide collaborative guidance
Self-determination encouraged
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Recommended Practices
Task analysis
Break tasks into small steps
Explicitly teach each step
Peer-mediated instruction
Cooperative learning
Peer tutoring
Classwide peer tutoring
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Experience and acceptance Reactions/Concerns
Parent Perspectives
Experience and acceptance
Reactions/Concerns
Some may experiences stages of grief
Affected by support (e.g., grandparents, culture, religion)
Extent of intellectual impairment
Age of child (life after high school)
Interactions with professionals
Listen to their point of view
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Which curriculum should be emphasized?
Trends and Issues
Which curriculum should be emphasized?
The dilemma of high-stakes testing
Post-secondary education opportunities
Fostering self-determination
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.