1. The Changing Earth
Plate Tectonics

2. Earth Has Several Layers

4. Earth’s layers have different properties.
Composition
Temperature
Thickness
Inner Core
solid metals °C
2400 km diameter
Outer Core
liquid metals °C
2300 km thick
Mantle
heated rock °C
2900 km thick
Crust
Cooler rock
0-700 °C
6-70 km thick

5. Earth’s crust and the top of the mantle form the lithosphere.
Continued
Earth’s crust and the top of the mantle form the lithosphere.

6. The lithosphere is made up of many plates.

7. Most large plates contain both continental and oceanic crust.
Continued
The lithosphere is split into large and small slabs of rocks called tectonic plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.
Most large plates contain both continental and oceanic crust.

9. Continents Change Position Over Time.

10. Continents join together and split apart.
Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in early 1900’s
All continents were once joined and gradually moved apart (still moving).
Fossils, studies of ancient climates, and rock formations provide evidence.
Africa and Brazil have matching rock formations indicating they were once joined.

11. Plates Move Apart

12. Wegner used fossil evidence to support his continental drift theory.

13. Continued: Sea Floor Spreading

14. The sea floor spreads apart at divergent boundaries.
Sea floor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries in the ocean.

15. Old crust gets pushed aside and the sea floor slowly spreads apart.
Continued
Old crust gets pushed aside and the sea floor slowly spreads apart.
Earth DOESN’T get larger because oceanic crust is destroyed along deep-ocean trenches, where the oceanic plates sink.

17. Tectonic plates have different boundaries.
Plate boundary: where the edges of two plates meet
Divergent Boundary: occurs where plates move apart, usually found in the ocean
Convergent Boundary: occurs when plates push together.
Transform Boundary: occur when plates scrape past each other.

18. Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary

20. Continents split apart at divergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries on continents produce rift valleys.
Magma rises through cracks and forms volcanoes.

22. Hot spots can be used to track plate movements.
Hot Spot: an area of volcanic activity that develops above where magma rises in a plume from the mantle.
Can be used to measure plate movement because it generally stays in one place as the tectonic plate above it moves.
Can provide a fixed point for measuring the speed and direction of plate movements.

23. The Hawaiian islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Plate
The Hawaiian islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Plate. The largest island, Hawaii, is still over the hot spot.

24. When the plate moves on, it carries the first volcano away from the hot spot. Heat from the mantle plume will then melt the rock at a new site, forming a new volcano.

25. Plates Converge or Scrape Past Each Other.

26. See Page 32

27. Tectonic plates scrape past each other at transform boundaries.
Two plates move past each other in opposite directions.
No crust is formed or destroyed.
Occurs on the sea floor and on land.

28. The San Andreas Fault is a transform boundary and moves about 1 inch per year.

29. See Page 35
Boundaries are formed when tectonic plates move. The direction of the movement determines the type of boundary.

30. The theory of plate tectonics helps geologists today.
The plate tectonics theory enables geologists to understand how Earth’s continents and ocean basins formed.
Helps scientists predict earthquakes and volcanic activity.