1. Part 2 Body Systems PreAP Chapters 37-43

2. E. The Respiratory System
I. Overview
1. Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide
2. Respiration-Ventilation Process:
II. Major Organs and Their Functions
1. Nose: internal entry and exit point for air
2. Pharynx: serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat
3. Larynx: “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak
4. Trachea:
a. The “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs
b. A piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering.

3. E. The Respiratory System
5. Bronchi:
a. The two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung)
b. The bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles
c. Eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli
i. Alveoli are in clusters, like grapes.
ii. Capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs.
6. Diaphragm:
a. The muscle that causes you to breath.
b. Hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm.

4. F. The Circulatory System
I. Overview
1. Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration.
2. Circulatory system:
II. Major Organs and Their Functions
1. Heart:
a. The major muscle of the circulatory system
b. Pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria)
c. Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body
d. Valves regulate the flow of blood between the chambers

5. F. The Circulatory System
2. Arteries: carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body
3. Veins: carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body
4. Capillaries: small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
5. Blood:
a. The cells that flow through the circulatory system
b. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron- rich protein that carries oxygen
c. White blood cells function in the immune system
d. Platelets help in blood clotting
6. Spleen: helps to filter out toxins in the blood

6. F. The Circulatory System

7. G. The Nervous System I. Overview II. Major Organs and Their Functions
1. Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment.
II. Major Organs and Their Functions
1. Brain
a. Control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through.
b. Consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions).
2. Spinal Cord
a. Sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa.
b. Any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate.

8. G. The Nervous System
3. Nerves:
a. Conducts impulses to muscle cells throughout the body.
b. Contains an axon which is a long membrane-covered extension of cytoplasm that conducts nerve impulses.
c. Contains dendrites which are the “antennae” of neuron which receive information from other cells.
d. Neurons (nerve cell) enable functions such as movement, perception, thought, emotion and learning.
e. Nerves: NgGKSNiNw
f. Conduct nerve impulses: related (PreAP – if time)

9. H. The Endocrine System I. Overview
1. Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones.
II. Major Organs
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal glands
6. Pancreas
7. Testes
8. Ovaries

10. I. The Skeletal System
I. Overview
1. Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body.
2. Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength.
II. Major Bones of the Human Body
1. Femur (thigh bone)
2. Radius and ulna (lower arm)
3. Sternum (breastbone)
4. Fibula and tibia (calf)
5. Scalpula (shoulder)
6. Coccyx (tail bone)
7. Humerus (upper arm)
8. Cranium (skull)
9. Clavicle (shoulder blade)
10. Vertebrae (back)
11. Pelvic bone
12. Phalanges (fingers/toes)

11. J. The Muscular System I. Overview
1. Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body.
2. Muscle cells are fibrous.
3. Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary.
II. Major Muscles in the Human Body
1. Biceps
2. Triceps
3. Deltoids
4. Glutes
5. Hamstrings
6. Quadriceps

12. K. The Immune System
I. Overview
1. Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body
2. Introduction to how the immune system works
a. Short:
b. Long:
II. Major Organs and Their Functions
1. Skin: also called the integumentary system, the skin is the body’s first line of defense.
2. White Blood Cells
a. Recognize disease agents (antigens) and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens.
b. Phagocytes are the white blood cell type that actually eats and destroys these antigens.
3. Lymph Nodes: help restore fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system.