1. Cells

2. Metric Review
Starts with the base units, then can get larger or smaller

3. Metric Review Centimeter = cm Millimeter = mm
Prefix
Symbol
Exponent
Multiplier
centi- c
10-2
1/100 (one hundredth)
milli - m
10-3
1/1000 (one thousandth)
micro -
10-6
1/1,000,000 (one millionth)
nano- n
10-9
1/1,000,000,000 (one billionth)
Centimeter = cm Millimeter = mm
Micrometer = µm Nanometer = nm

4. Metric Review

5. Metric Review 10-2 m = 0.01 m = 1 cm 10-3 m = 0.001 m = 1 mm (1000 µm)
10-6 m = m = 1 µm (1000 nm)
10-9 m = = 1 nm

6. Converting inches and cm
1 in = 2.54 cm
Converting inches and cm
How many cm in…
1 inch?
2 inches?
5 inches?
12.5 inches?
How many inches in…
5 cm
32 cm

7. How large is _____________ in…
Take a ruler and measure your object in:
Inches
Centimeters:
Meters:
Millimeters:
Micrometers:
Nanometers:
1 in = 2.54 cm

8. What are cells?
Recall:

9. Cells
Life’s fundamental unit of structure

10. Organelles
A functioning group of biomolecules

11. Molecule
A chemical structure
containing two or more atoms

12. Atom
The basic unit of matter

13. Cells – what’s the big deal?
Cells are the ‘simplest’ or lowest level of organization that have all the characteristics of life
(made of cells, use energy, respond to stimuli, reproduce, growth, adapt to environment, DNA/RNA)
But pretty complex with
organelles, all made up of
biomolecules, which are
made of atoms

14. How did we learn this? Microscopes!
Started with simple glass – similar to ‘magnifying glass’ – 100AD
6x magnifying power

15. How do we know this?
Robert Hooke – 1665 – first discovered cells – looked at cork
50x magnifying power
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek – 1670’s ‘perfected’ the lens
270x magnification power

16. Modern Microscopes Light microscope – common in schools today
Light passes through specimen and then through glass lenses to enlarge image
Up to 1000x

17. Modern Microscopes Electron Microscopes –
Focuses beams of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface
Up to 10,000,000 x

18. Modern Microscopes Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Used to see the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

19. Modern Microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope
Used to study the internal cell structure

20. Modern Microscopes
We can add ‘fluorescence’ to help see and highlight specific parts of a cell

21. Cells

22. Cell Theory
In the 1800s, studies with the light microscope led to cell theory, which states that
all living things are composed of cells and
all cells come from other cells.

23. Cell Size
be large enough to contain structures needed to survive and reproduce
remain small enough to allow for a proper surface area-to-volume ratio

24. Proper Surface Area-Volume
Materials (O2, sugars, CO2, wastes) need to move in and out of cell
Moves across the plasma membrane

25. Proper Surface Area-Volume
The greater the surface area-volume ratio, the more exchange of materials can happen.
Total volume 3 1 2 6
Total surface area
Surface-to- volume ratio
27 units3
54 units2
162 units2

26. Surface-to- volume ratio 27 units3
Figure 4.2a
Total volume 3 1 2 6
Total surface area
Surface-to- volume ratio
27 units3
54 units2
162 units2
Figure 4.2a Effect of cell size on surface area

27. Hydrogen peroxide how stuff works

28. Which will produce more bubbles?
Potatoes have an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide causing it to bubble.
The more surface area, the more enzyme that can interact, the more bubbles

29. Which will produce more bubbles?
3x3 cm potato or x3 cm potato diced up?

30. Potato Video

31. Post potato video Why did the diced potato create more bubbles?
There were more pieces of small sized potato
What does that mean?
More of the enzyme can react with the hydrogen peroxide

32. Proper Surface Area-Volume
The greater the surface area-volume ratio, the more exchange of materials can happen.
Total volume 3 1 2 6
Total surface area
Surface-to- volume ratio
27 units3
54 units2
162 units2

33. Prokaryote Cells Vs. Eukaryote Cells
All are single celled organisms
found in Domains Archaea and Bacteria

34. More than Domains and Kingdoms
Mnemonic:
Did King Phillip Cry Out “For Goodness Sakes!”?

35. Prokaryote Cells Vs. Eukaryote Cells
All are single celled organisms
found in Domains Archaea and Bacteria
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in structure

36. Prokaryote Cells Vs. Eukaryote Cells
In a prokaryotic cell,
the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid (nucleus-like) and
no membrane surrounds the DNA.

37. Prokaryote Cells Vs. Eukaryote Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
More complex
Contains a membrane-enclosed nucleus
many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform specific functions.

38. How did complex life form?

39. Inside-Out Theory

40. What’s inside the cell?

42. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Chromatin CYTOSKELETON Microtubule
Figure 4.4a
NUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Chromatin
CYTOSKELETON
Microtubule
Microfilament
Intermediate filament
Ribosomes
Peroxisome
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.4a An animal cell
Golgi apparatus
Centrosome with pair of centrioles
Lysosome
Mitochondrion

43. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope
Figure 4.4b
NUCLEUS
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Mitochondrion
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilament
Microtubule
Central vacuole
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesma
Figure 4.4b A plant cell
Cell wall of adjacent cell
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane