1. The Western Front and Life in the Trenches

2. What was the Western Front?

3. The Western Front

4. The two main fronts:
On your coloured and labeled map of the alliances in your workbook, mark the Western front and the Eastern front.

5. Schlieffen Plan 3rd of Aug, 1914:
The aim of the Von Schlieffen plan was to knock France out of the war quickly so that Germany did not have to fight the French and the Russians (=Eastern front) at the same time.
The plan failed…

6. Why did the plan fail? See page 35.
Write down: The Schlieffen plan failed because:
(use short dot points)

7. The result of the failed plan:
After the first Battle of the Marne (= one month later, 5 – 19 sept, 1914), both sides dug trenches; the war of attrition had begun.
The western front became a deadlocked region of battlefields in Northern France where war turned into a long and bloody stalemate.

8. Why use trenches and how do they work?

9. What is in a Trench?
Barbed wire: to make running at the trench difficult.
Sandbagged parapet: to stop the trench collapsing.
Parados: to stop ‘shrapnel’ getting into the trench.
Fire step: to shoot from.
Duck Boards: stopped the bottom of the trench getting very muddy and slippery.

10. Trench System

11. Tunneling

12. Trench Warfare:
Trench Warfare: Armies fought each other in dugouts but it often led to long periods of stagnation and a high death toll.

13. The theory and the reality…

14. Fighting in Europe:
By 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire.
This type of warfare led to huge losses of human life for very small land gains.

15. Trench Warfare
Attacks and Offensives- An attack usually involves a division (16,000) and an offensive was larger (at least one corps).

17. Weapons and trench war fare

18. Weapons in WW1 Tanks Gas Machine guns Airplanes
Artillery (shells, mortars, bombs)

19. Weapons in WW1 You tube video of different weapons:
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20. Weapons in WW1 Rapid technological innovation
Technology changed, but mindset of commanders did not….
Soldiers trained in old fashioned techniques (charging at enemy)

21. Tanks
Tanks: introduced by British in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme.

22. Tanks

23. Tanks
Winston Churchill (lord of the admiralty and home secretary in WW1) saw importance of tanks
Germans were surprised by tanks but because of their initial failure, did not take them seriously.
Germans did not devote large amounts of money, research or time to tank-development.
But British and French continue to improve on initial flawed design.
By end of war, tanks were used strategically to force break throughs.

24. Tanks See page 52 Tanks not used effectively by commanders until 1918
Germans did not see importance of tanks

25. Early tanks Very slow Chains ran off tracks Got stuck in mud
Engines overheated
Strategically misused and underused until 1918

26. Tanks You tube video showing tanks in use:
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27. Chemical warfare
See page 49

28. Chemical Warfare French started with tear gas grenades.
Germany used chemicals in artillery shells, bombs, and grenades.
Gas masks developed quickly, became more sophisticated by end of war.
(Another idea from British: Set up 100,000 fans.)
Many types of gases were used, i.e: tear gas, mustard gas, chlorine gas

29. Chlorine Gas Used by both allies and central powers. Lung irritant.
First developed by IG Farben, a German chemical company.
Replaced by mustard gas and phosgene.
Used in the Second Battle of Ypres.
Distinctive smell – mixture of pineapple and pepper.
Distinctive taste – metallic taste.

30. Phosgene U.S. developed chemical.
Used by both Allies and Central powers.
Irritates mucous and skin.
Corrosive and toxic.
Successor to Chlorine Gas.

31. Xylyl bromide (tear gas)
Tear gas impeded ability to fight; incapacitated soldiers.
Irritates eyes and lungs.
Used by French in the form of grenades.
Used by both sides
Put into T-Shells, a shell with an explosive tip that was filled with tear gas.
Easy to manufacture; was popular because of that.

32. Mustard Gas Causes blistering Incapacitates soldiers.
Hard to counter, burns exposed skin.
Put into a variety of artillery, bombs, and other munitions.
Used by both sides.
Was persistent. It would remain for days, clothing and equipment that had been contaminated would spread the gas.

33. Chemical warfare
Soldiers wore gas masks.
Photo of an early gas mask.

34. Chemical Warfare, Quote
"[The] vapour settled to the ground like a swamp mist and drifted toward the French trenches on a brisk wind. Its effect on the French was a violent nausea and faintness, followed by an utter collapse. It is believed that the Germans, who charged in behind the vapour, met no resistance at all, the French at their front being virtually paralyzed." The use of gas at Langemarck ø as reported in the New York Tribune, April 27, 1915

35. Poison Gas: effects The gas eventually wore away.
Most dead men were left
Some died from the after-effects
Explosions left environment poisoned and destroyed

36. Machine Guns

37. Machine Gun
Fired ammunition automatically and could wipe out waves of attackers.
The machine gun made it very difficult for forces to advance across No Mans Land.

38. Bombs Bombs were very small in the beginning of the war.
Small arrows called Flechettes were also dropped on the enemy.
They were very inaccurate.
Bombing did not become effective until later in the war.
A bomber plane could carry one 1,650lb (=750 kg) bomb.
Only Zeppelins could carry big bombs.

39. Mortars
lobbe
lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance
Widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches, for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack, and for destroying trenches.
In 1914, the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells; in 1916, they fired over 6,500,000.

40. Airplanes

41. The Planes… Low speed / low altitude Most planes had low horse power.
They were very flimsy and unstable.
Hard to fly.
Many WW1 pilots died from accidents.

42. The Aces Manfred von Richthofen. (Germany)
Edward "Eddie" Rickenbacker. (US)
Von Richthofen had highest kill rate of any pilot.
He was shot down by ground fire.
Eddie had 27 kills.
Richthofen had 80.
Link goes to BBC’s website on World War One.
Click on “Launch the Animation” and select “Chapter 5: Gas Attack” (loads a flash animation w/sound)
Then pose this question to students after having watched the short video clip

43. Zeppelins Went on recon missions. (reconnaissance = exploration)
Used as high flying bomb throwers
Heavily guarded by machine guns and anti aircraft guns.
Very dangerous to pilots.
Were as fast as airplanes
Sometimes tethered to ground.

44. Submarines
Germans introduced the submarine (U-boats) in 1914 as an effective warship
its primary weapon was the torpedo = underwater missile.
German unrestricted submarine warfare would be a major factor in bringing the U.S. into war.

45. Flame throwers
Flame throwers- First used on the Western Front in 1914 to clear enemy soldiers on front-line.
Germans used it more often than allied powers.
Dangerous to operator and depending on wind.
Military actions designed to take control of enemy trenches were called attacks or offensives. Whereas an attack usually involved a divisionMilitary actions designed to take control of enemy trenches were called attacks or offensives. Whereas an attack usually involved a division (16,000 men), an offensive was much larger and would use at least one corps. The main objective of an attack was to break the enemy line but an offensive was an attempt to hold any positions that were taken during the operation. This meant sustained fighting in forward positions and raised serious problems of supplying soldiers with ammunition, food and water. Before attacks and offensives took place, heavy artilleryBefore attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the SommeBefore attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the Somme in the summer of 1916 General Douglas HaigBefore attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the Somme in the summer of 1916 General Douglas Haig ordered an eight-day preliminary bombardmentBefore attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the Somme in the summer of 1916 General Douglas Haig ordered an eight-day preliminary bombardment before sending 750,000 men (27 divisions) to attack the German trenches. The following year, Haig decided on a ten day bombardment during the offensive at YpresBefore attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the Somme in the summer of 1916 General Douglas Haig ordered an eight-day preliminary bombardment before sending 750,000 men (27 divisions) to attack the German trenches. The following year, Haig decided on a ten day bombardment during the offensive at Ypres (the Battle of PasschendaeleBefore attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the Somme in the summer of 1916 General Douglas Haig ordered an eight-day preliminary bombardment before sending 750,000 men (27 divisions) to attack the German trenches. The following year, Haig decided on a ten day bombardment during the offensive at Ypres (the Battle of Passchendaele). This barrage involved 3,000 guns firing 4,283,550 shells at the German defences.

46. Infiltration tactics
Both sides used small groups of experienced soldiers to sneak up on enemy and cut barbed wire.
Then sent infantry across No Man’s Land.

48. Casualties World War I took the lives of about 8.5 million soldiers…
Statistics at a glance:
Germany= 1.8 million
Britain= 908,000
Russia= 1.7 million
France= 1.3 million
Austria-Hungary= 1.2 million

49. But why so many casualties?
The new tools of war – machine guns, poison gas, armoured tanks, larger artillery - did not deliver the fast-moving war strategists had expected.
The new technology just killed greater numbers of people more effectively.

50. Questions
What prolonged effect would this type of warfare have on soldiers?
How would trench warfare affect how countries felt at the end of the war?
Would trench warfare be a good tactic to use today? Why and why not?
How do you think you would feel as a WW1 trench soldier? Write down 10 adjectives.

51. Daily life in the trenches

52. This is an entry in the diary of Harold Saunders, a soldier during World War One. He describes trench life as he knows it.
When I made my debut in the line I had a cheerful conviction that nothing would hit me.  And I remember standing on the fire-step for the first time and saying to myself exultantly: "You're in it at last! You're in it! The greatest thing that's ever happened!"
Lice and wind-up came into my life about the same time.  At stand-to one morning a flight of whizz-bangs skimmed the top of the trench.  The man next to me went down with a scream and half his face gone.  The sand-bag in front of me was ripped open and I was blinded and half-choked with its contents.

53. Days in the trenches Soldiers spent 8 days in trenches
Trenches were about metres deep
Patrols were sent into No Man’s Land
Fallen soldiers were often not buried.
Trenches were called dug outs

54. The Trench Cycle
Typically, a battalion would be expected to serve some time at the front line. 
This would be followed by a stint spent in support, and then in reserve lines. 
A period of rest would follow - generally short in duration - before the whole cycle of trench duty would start anew.

55. Inspection and Chores
After breakfast, men would be inspected by either the company or platoon commander (This was called “Stand-to”). After that the soldiers were assigned daily chores.
Daily chores included refilling of sandbags, repair of the duckboards and the draining of trenches.
Particularly following heavy rainfall, trenches fill up with muddy water, making life more miserable for its occupants as the walls of the trench rapidly became misshapen and were prone to collapse.

56. Duckboards in no man’s land

57. Daily Boredom
The front lines were constantly under watch by snipers and look-outs during daylight so movement was restricted until night fell. 
Thus, once men had concluded their chores, they were free to attend to more personal matters, such as the reading and writing of letters home.
Meals were also prepared.  Sleep was snatched wherever possible - although it was seldom that men were allowed sufficient time to grab more than a few minutes rest before they were assigned another task.

58. Dusk
At nightfall, the morning ritual of stand-to was repeated, to guard against a surprise attack as light fell.
After this, the trenches became a hive of activity.  Supply and maintenance activities could be undertaken.  Men would be sent to the rear lines to fetch rations and water.
Other men would be assigned sentry duty (lookout, guarding) on the fire step. 
Generally men would be expected to provide sentry duty for up to two hours. 
Any longer and there was a real risk of men falling asleep on duty - for which the penalty was death by firing squad.

60. Patrolling No Man’s Land
Patrols would often be sent out into No Mans Land. 
Some men were sent to add barbed wire to the front line. 
Others however would go out to assigned listening posts, hoping to pick up valuable information from the enemy lines.
Sometimes enemy patrols would meet in No Man's Land.  They were then faced with the option of hurrying on their separate ways or else engaging in hand to hand fighting.
They could not afford to use their handguns while patrolling in No Man's Land, for fear of the machine gun fire it would inevitably attract, deadly to all members of the patrol.

61. Rat Infestation Millions of rats infested trenches.
Two main types: the brown and the black rat. 
The brown rat was especially feared, they ate human remains (grotesquely disfiguring them by eating their eyes and liver).
Could grow to the size of a cat.
One male + female rat can produce up to 900 offspring in a year, spreading infection and contaminating food. 

64. Frogs, lice and worse
Lice were also never-ending problem causing men to itch unceasingly.
Even when clothing was periodically washed and deloused, lice eggs invariably remained hidden in the seams.
Lice caused Trench Fever, a particularly painful disease that began suddenly with severe pain followed by high fever.  Recovery - away from the trenches - took up to twelve weeks. 
Frogs infested shell holes covered in water; they were also found in the base of trenches. 
Many men chose to shave their heads entirely to avoid nits.

65. Trench Foot
A fungal infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary trench conditions.  It could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. 

68. Relieving Men at the Front
Men were relieved from front-line duty at night-time too. 
Units which were just relieved had to wind their weary way through numerous lines of communications trenches, weighed down with equipment and trench stores (such as shovels, picks, corrugated iron, duckboards, etc.). 

69. And the Smell
Finally, no overview of trench life can avoid the aspect that instantly struck visitors to the lines: the appalling reek given off by numerous conflicting sources.
Rotting carcasses lay around in their thousands. 
Overflowing latrines would give off a most offensive stench.
Men who had not been afforded the luxury of a bath in weeks or months would offer the pervading odor of dried sweat.  The feet were generally accepted to give off the worst odor.

70. In class writing task:
You are a young soldier on the Western Front. You have just been relieved from an 8 day stint at the front lines, and you now have time to write a letter home.
Use the information from this PPT, your text book and, if need be, info from the internet, to describe a typical day. Make sure it you use descriptive and evocative language.
Make it realistic by including historically accurate details.

71. Discussion
Which weapon do you think was most feared by World War One soldiers? Why?
Why do you think the Western Front became a bloody stalemate?
How did fighting on the Western Front differ from Europe’s expectations before the war?
Did pre-war plans match what actually occurred along the Western Front? Why or why not?

72. The Eastern Front
This area was a stretch of battlefields along the German and Russian border.
Russians & Serbs battled Germans & Austro- Hungarians.
It was much more mobile than the West but stalemates and slaughter were just as common.