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Chapter 3 States of Matter
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3.1 Solids, Liquids and Gases
How do you tell solid, liquids and Gases apart? Shape and Volume
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Solids Solids have: Types of Solids Crystalline solid:
Solids Solids have: -a definite shape -a definite volume Types of Solids Crystalline solid: a solid material that contains particles that are arranged in a highly ordered structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. Ex: Quartz, table salt, ice, diamonds Amorphous solid: particles within the solid have no organized structure whatsoever. The particles have some room to slowly slide past each other, especially when warmed Like a really slow-moving liquid Ex: silly putty, wax, asphalt, window glass
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Crystalline Solid Solid as a rock!
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Crystalline Solid All of the atoms are hooked together. They can’t move!
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Amorphus Solid! Glass Flows over time!
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Amorphus Solid! Structure over time can lose shape
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Crystalline Solid Amorphus Solid! Amorphus Solid! Crystalline Solid
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Liquids Liquids have definite volume but a variable shape
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The liquid takes the shape of the container
Shape Changes
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The amount (volume) of the liquid always stays the same.
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Why do liquids have definite volume but not shape?
Particles packed close together therefore... Strong attraction among the particles (hence, definite volume) but not too strong Particles can flow past each other to new locations (hence, no shape) Ex: Freshman hallway, crowded dance floor
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Gas No definite shape and No definite volume
Gases will fill the container it is in Ex: helium in different sized and shaped balloons Whatever is the shape and volume of the particular balloon is the same as the helium in it
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99% of all matter is not a solid, liquid or gas but a……..
Plasma Found at extremely high temperatures Found in stars
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Kinetic Theory Kinetic energy Energy of motion
All matter is in motion because of kinetic energy
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Solids Atoms stay in fixed places but vibrate in place. Volume and shape stay same Liquids - atoms can move but are so close they attract to each other and are slowed down
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- have a lot of Kinetic energy
Gases - have a lot of Kinetic energy Are free to move and are far apart they move Move fast and fill up their container no matter the size
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3.2 The Gas Laws Pressure How much you push on a surface
What is the Relationship between P and F P and A
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Pressure is measured in
- PSI pounds per square inch ( in America) lb/in2 - N/m2 or Pascals (Pa) (everywhere else) * The pressure in a container is caused by the atoms inside pushing out.
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What affects gas pressure?
Temperature Cold air has less kinetic energy so less force pushes out on tire. Force decreases then pressure decreases
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Volume As volume decreases Pressure increases
As volume increases Pressure decreases
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3.3 Phase Changes Phase Change All phase changes are Physical Changes
When one phase changes to another Phase changes are reversable All phase changes are Physical Changes
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Gas Liquid Solid Condensation Sublimation Deposition Vaporization
Freezing Melting
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What happens to Energy during a phase change?
Energy is either released or absorbed Endothermic change Heat is absorbed Heat of fusion – amount of energy absorbed Exothermic change Heat is released
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Melting Ice (solid) Melting Water (liquid)
Energy increase molecules vibrate more quickly Temperature increases Melting molecules move from fixed positions endothermic Water (liquid) Molecules free to move
