1. Fingerprints
Forensic Science
T. Trimpe

2. Measurements from class
Bureau of Criminal Investigation
Police Department
City Boston
Bertillon Measurements
Height
180.3 cm
Head Length
27.3 cm
L Foot
29 cm
Outer Arms
58.1 cm
Head Width
21 cm
Mid F
7.5 cm
Trunk
50 cm
Cheek
12 cm
Lit F
6 cm
Right Ear
7 cm
Fore A
27.5 cm
Bureau of Criminal Investigation
Police Department
City Boston
Bertillon Measurements
Height
179 cm
Head Length
23 cm
L Foot
26.5 cm
Outer Arms
60 cm
Head Width
20 cm
Mid F
9 cm
Trunk
Cheek
12 cm
Lit F
7 cm
Right Ear
6 cm
Fore A
29 cm
Bureau of Criminal Investigation
Police Department
City Boston
Bertillon Measurements
Height
181 cm
Head Length
23 cm
L Foot
30 cm
Outer Arms
61 cm
Head Width
20 cm
Mid F
10 cm
Trunk
65 cm
Cheek
14 cm
Lit F
6.5 cm
Right Ear
Fore A
29 cm
Bureau of Criminal Investigation
Police Department
City Boston
Bertillon Measurements
Height
181 cm
Head Length
21 cm
L Foot
26 cm
Outer Arms
54.5 cm
Head Width
19 cm
Mid F
9.5 cm
Trunk
47 cm
Cheek
11 cm
Lit F
7 cm
Right Ear
5 cm
Fore A

3. Will West and William West
Body Part
Will West's measurements in cm
William West's measurements in cm
Body Height
178.5
177.5
Outstretched reached of both arms
187
188
Trunk height
91.2
91.3
Width of the head
19.7
19.8
Length of the head
15.8
15.9
Length of the right ear
14.8
Width of the right ear
6.6
6.5
Length of the left foot
28.2
27.5
Length of the left middle finger
12.3
12.2
Length of the left little finger
9.7
9.6

4. https://learninglab.si.edu/resources/view/587481

5. Fingerprint Principles
According to criminal investigators, fingerprints follow 3 fundamental principles:
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern.
A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases.
Fingerprints have general characteristic papillary ridge (or friction ridge) patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

6. Fingerprint Classes
There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based
upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls.
Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below.
Arch
Plain arch
Tented arch
Loop
Radial Loop
Ulnar loop
Whorl
Plain whorl
Central pocket whorl
Double loop whorl
Accidentical

7. 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls,
Interesting Info
Fingerprint Factoid:
60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls,
and 5% have arches
Did you know?
Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints.

8. Arches
Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present.
Tented Arches
Similar to the plain arch,
but has a spike in the center.
Spike or “tent”
Plain Arch
Ridges enter on one side and
exit on the other side.

9. Loops
Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones.
Radial Loop (Right Thumb)
Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone.
Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb)
Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone.
Delta
NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

10. Whorls
Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.
Central Pocket Whorl
Plain Whorl
Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

11. Whorls – Part 2 Double Loop Whorl
Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print.
Delta
Accidental Whorl
Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

12. Identify each fingerprint pattern.? A B
Right Hand
Left Hand
Answer Key: A - Plain Whorl, B – Double Loop Whorl, C – Radial Loop, D – Tented Arch, E – Plain Arch C
Right Hand E D
Right Hand
Left Hand

13. GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!
Partial Prints
GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

14. Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification.1 
A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes.
The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.
Did you know?
1Introduction to Basic Ridgeology by David Ashbaugh, May Image from

15. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
When minutiae on two different prints match, these are called points of similarity or points of identification. At this point there is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints. However, the United Kingdom requires a minimum sixteen points while Australia requires twelve.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
AFIS is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. Quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS for a search for possible matches against the state maintained databases for fingerprint records to help establish the identity of unknown deceased persons or suspects in a criminal case.

16. Ridge Characteristics
Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

17. Ridge Characteristics
Crossover
Core
Bifurcation (fork)
Ridge ending
Island
Delta
Pore
Scar
EXAMPLE

18. How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint?