1. Spanish, Spanglish, and the Continuing Evolution of English

2. A personal disclaimer: Yo no hablo español

3. Spanish + English = Spanglish
Simply put, Spanglish is a mix of Spanish and English. The term “Spanglish” itself is a blend. It is a popular rather than a scientific term.

4. What is Spanglish?
Is it a Pidgin?
Is it a Creole?
Is it a Language?

5. Spanglish is a dialect, a variety of speech used in a particular place by a particular social group.

6. ETYMOLOGY
The term ‘Spanglish’ first appears as a noun in a novel and is used to denote the conversation between two individuals, one Spanish-speaking and the other English-speaking.
“Alan’s ‘kid brother’... was on uncly terms with small Andy. He even started at once on a sort of ‘Spanglish’ with Pancha.”

7. Spanglish: Good or Bad?

8. Spanglish is “nonexistent,” yet millions of Latinos speak it.

9. In a guest editorial of Hispania, Domnita Dumitrescu writes that the term ‘Spanglish’ is “derogatory” and reinforces misperceptions about the dialect.
1. It is not the result of mental laziness or lack of knowledge.
2. It is not “the birth of a new language.”
3. It is not “a dialect plagued by unnecessary Anglicisms.”
4. It is not “the” dialect spoken by US Hispanics but rather “one of several socio-dialects.”

10. Spanglish also is not
5. An “erosion” of Spanish
6. An “impure” variety of Spanish
7. An incomplete mastery of either language

16. Comic Bill Santiago writes that Spanglish is “The Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup of language: two great languages que van great together. ‘Hey, you put Spanish in my English.’”

17. As Ilan Stavans notes, “To fully understand Spanglish, the history of English … needs to be taken into consideration, too.” Stavans points to Samuel Johnson, who recognized that “language is in constant mutation.”

18. The Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest

19. Just as those who speak Spanglish are sometimes stigmatized, those who spoke Anglo-Norman also came to be stigmatized. Consider Chaucer’s description of the Prioress:
And Frensh she spak ful faire and fetisly
After the scole of Stratford at Bowe
For Frensh of Paris was to hir unknowe

20. words that combine elements from two different languages.
Hybrid Terms:
words that combine elements from two different languages.

21. (OF) gentil + man (OE) = gentleman
(OF) gentil + lic (OE) = gently
(OF) gentil + ness (OE) = gentleness

22. Many other examples of these hybrid terms entered the language in the years after the Norman Conquest.
eager (OF) + lic (OE) = eagerly
poor (OF) + ness (OE) = poorness
mis (OE) + align (OF) = misalign
faith (OF) + ful (OE) = faithful

23. Hybrid Terms Are Also A Common Method of Hybrid Formation in Spanglish:
Example: -ear as suffix appended to an English term to create a new infinitive.
reward + -ear = rewardear
polish + ear = polishear
quit + ear = quitear
refrain + ear = refrainear
bull shit + ear = bulchitear
Google + ear (to Google)

24. Borrowing: Duplication of Terminology

25. Old English Old French aehta (property) catel
Consider the following pairs, in which the first word or phrase is from an Old English Bible translation, and the second is from a Middle English translation, showing French borrowings.
Old English Old French aehta (property) catel
burhsittendum citiseyn
dael porsioun
mildheortnesse mercy
rice cuntre

26. Where both the English and the French words survived, they were often differentiated in meaning.
doom and judgment
hearty and cordial
stench and aroma
house and mansion

27. Loan Words
OE cow A-N beef OE calf A-N veal
OE pig A-N pork
OE deer A-N venison
OE snail A-N escargot

28. Latin, the language of learning in the Middle Ages, also left its mark on English, sometimes leading to synonyms at three levels.
rise mount ascend
fire flame conflagration
time age epoch
fear terror trepidation
fast firm secure

29. Borrowing is also a critical aspect of the formation of Spanglish.

30. Spanglish Loan Words
Spanish already has a word for ‘frozen,’ congelado, but Spanglish adapts the English word, creating the synonym frizado.

31. In Spanish, the term facultad means ‘a department building where faculty is housed.’ In Spanglish, the term has stretched and also refers to ‘academic faculty.’
Spanish and English have the same word for cereal. Spanglish, however, adopts the term ‘cornflei’ to refer not only to cornflakes, but to all cereal.

32. Spanglish Borrowing that Leads to Duplication
Spanglish introduces a synomym for fiesta based on the English term ‘party’: parree.
Boleto, for admissions ticket, is joined by Spanglish el ticket.
Alquilar, ‘to rent,’ is joined in Spanglish by rentar.

33. Spanglish sometimes adopts words without altering them.
Words from computer science and technology, in particular, often retain a single form.
icon, internet, Google, camcorder

34. Other times, Spanglish borrowings may be slight alterations of English words, either by suffix (as -ear, previously discussed) or prefix. As examples of the latter, consider the prefix e- added to the following English words:
Esnack, esnob, esnorkel, espray, esmog, escout,

35. In English: I'll prepare myself a sandwich.
In Spanish: Me voy a preparar un sandwich.
In Spanglish: Me hago un sangweesh. (word is adapted phonetically)
In English: Vicks Vapor Rub does miracles.
In Spanish: El Vicks Vapor Rub hace milagros.
In Spanglish: Bibaporú es un miracle. (English word ‘miracle’ is chosen without adaptation)
In English: I think I left it in my locker.
In Spanish: Creo lo dejé dentro de mi casillero.
In Spanglish: Pos esta en el locker.
(word is adapted syntactically)

36. b
It is common that Spanglish words are created when English words are given new spellings and Spanish pronunciations.
Medicare becomes mediquer
Feeling becomes filin
United States becomes Unaited Esteits

37. Phonetically Modified Loan Words:
Other times, borrowed words are modified to such an extent that the English source is difficult to recognize
ufo = roof
troca = truck
lonche = lunch
skaitbord = skateboard
butifulpepo = beautiful people

38. Calques: Derived from Literal Translations

39. Calques result from literal translations of foreign phrases.
English has plenty of examples from both French and Spanish.
“free verse” is from French vers libre
“rhinestone” is from French caillou du Rhin (Rhine pebble)
“blue blood” is from Spanish sangre azul
“killer whale” is from Spanish ballina asesina

40. Spanglish Calques
The calque ‘hot dog’ is translated literally as “perro caliente.”
Similarly, some Spanglish speakers use ‘pan- caliente’ (warm bread) for pancakes because of the similar sounds of the English and Spanish words.

41. Linguistic Interference

42. Rosaura Sanchez sees linguistic interference as a characteristic of “Chicano Spanish” which tends to conflate ‘tu’ and ‘usted.’
Also, Spanglish tends to have reduced verb forms, since some Spanish verb forms have different functions than their English counterparts.

43. Code Switching
alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in a single conversation.

44. Why Code-Switch?
-to show that one is bilingual and appreciates both languages
-as a mental device to allow hesitation while forming the sentence in the new language
-to form companionship with another bilingual
-if the English and Spanish versions have slightly different meanings

45. (according to Matt Thompson, editor of NPR’s Code Switch blog)
Some More Reasons
(according to Matt Thompson, editor of NPR’s Code Switch blog)
-Our ‘lizard brains’ take over; in other words, it is inadverent.
-We want to get something; to ingratiate ourselves to others. (A Tex-Mex restaurant in Michigan deliberately uses Spanglish on its menu to appeal to customers.)
-We want to say something in secret (we can add in colloquialisms, for example, that not everyone may understand).

46. Code Switching in Chaucer’s “General Prologue”
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote
And bathed every veyne in swich licour,
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,
And smale foweles maken melodye,

47. Chaucer’s Summoner brags about his ability to code switch
Chaucer’s Summoner brags about his ability to code switch. For him, it is an attempt to sound learned:
“And in Latyn I speke a wordes fewe, To saffron with my predicacioun, And for to stire hem to devocioun.”

48. SPANGLISH CODE SWITCHING Codeswitching mixes two languages in a conversation. Compound codeswitching mixes languages in a single sentence.
“Raul, bring us some tapas.”
“Take a siesta.”
“Bueno bye.”
“El libro me costós twenty dollars.”.
“I’m going home pasado mañana.” 
“I got a new car this weekend. Me lo compró mi papá.” 
“Compramelo por favor que esta on sale!”
“Alex Rodriguez says adiós to la pelota!”

49. English also has a long history of borrowing from Spanish, and recently, these borrowings have expanded.
fashionista
bogeda
anchovy
apricot
tobacco
Sombrero
mosquito

50. “The Lord's Prayer” in Old English (with Middle English translation)
Old English Fæder ure Þu Þe eart on heofonum, si Þin nama gehalgod. to becume Þin rice, gewurÞe ğin willa, on eorğan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg, and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgyfağ urum gyltendum. and ne gelæd Þu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele soÞlice.
Middle English Oure fadir Þat art in heuenes halwid be Þi name; Þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be Þi wille don in herÞe as it is dounin heuene. yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeue to us oure dettis Þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris Þat is to men Þat han synned in us. And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.

51. Despite the profound differences between Old and Middle English, after the Norman Conquest, English was still English.

52. And Spanglish is still Spanish!