1. Chapter 10: Andes & Mid-latitude countries
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2. Chapter 10, Lesson 1 Physical Geography of the Andes & Mid-latitude Countries
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3. Andes Countries Peru, Bolivia, & Chile
The Andes: longest continuous group of mountain ranges in the world & tallest in the Western Hemisphere
Paraná, Paraguay, & Uruguay Rivers: the 2nd-largest river system in South America
Climate: depends on altitude – can be extremely hot OR cold
El Niño and La Niña can cause unusual weather events such as flooding or droughts
What are the physical features of the Andean region?
How do you think the geography of the Andean region affects the lives of the people who live there?

4. Peru’s 3 Physical Regions
Coastal plains & desert
Most people live there because the cold Peru Current keeps temps mild
Andes Mts
Lake Titicaca – highest navigable lake in the world
Hot, humid rain forests

5. Bolivia’s Land land-locked
How does that affect their economy?
altiplano – dry western plateau where most people live
shares Lake Titicaca with Peru

6. Chile 110 miles wide & 2,652 miles long 80% of land is mountains
Atacama Desert - the driest place on earth because it is in the rain shadow of the Andes & the cold Peru Current doesn’t evaporate much
The USA’s Horizontal Width is 2,680 miles
110 miles – ND border to 30 miles north of VC (basically half of ND – North to South)

7. The Southern Tip of Chile
Strait of Magellan
Tierra del Fuego – “land of fire,” islands off the southern tip
NASA photo of the Strait of Magellan.
Notice the glaciers, snowcapped volcanoes, Rough region.
Positioned along the southern edges of the South American continent, this once-vital passageway is named for the Portuguese adventurer, Ferdinand Magellan, the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe. His chosen route around the continent in 1520 (shown with red arrows) though dangerous at times, proved to be the fastest and safest connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for sea-going commerce and exploration. Sheltered by mainland South America and the islands of the Tierra Del Fuego archipelago, this route was considered much safer than the Drake Passage, a more violent stretch of chaotic water between Antarctica and South America, one frequented by icebergs and plagued by gale-force winds. Located on the Strait of Magellan, Chile's Punta Arenas was once one of the most important supply stops for mariners of the day, until the Panama Canal opened for business in 1914.

8. Mid-latitude Countries Argentina, Paraguay, & Uruguay
Andes Mountains in the West
Pampas (temperate grasslands) inland
farming & ranching
Gauchos – cowboys that herd cattle on estancias (ranches)
Patagonia in the Southeast
Sheep raising & oil drilling
Moderate climate

9. Plentiful Natural Resources
Energy:
Paraguay’s Itaipu Dam is the world’s largest. hydroelectric dam – allows them to export energy 
Bolivia has oil & natural gas
Mineral resources:
Copper, tin, silver, lead, & gold
Animals:
Birds, butterflies, llamas, & alpacas thrive in different parts of the region
Which natural resources are important to the region?
What metal is important to Chile's economy?

10. Chapter 10, Lesson 2 History of the Andes & Mid-latitude Countries
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11. Early History of the Region
Before the rise of the Inca in the 1100s, the Andean region was home to small indigenous farming societies.
Inca – indigenous group that built a huge, organized, wealthy empire with advanced technology & engineering in the 1400s
Irrigation systems, roads, tunnels, bridges
No writing system, but used quipu to keep records 
Do worksheet in partners in class.
2 minute video explaining how the quipu was used.

12. Arrival of the Spanish in the Andes
Early 1500s: Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro and a small band of soldiers seized control of the region’s precious metals, leading to the Inca’s downfall.
The Spanish created colonies throughout South America and many natives died from smallpox epidemics
Image: "Seizing the Inca of Peru," a painting by John Everett Millais showing Pizarro capturing the Inca Atahualpa. 
On November 16, 1532, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador, springs a trap on the Incan emperor, Atahualpa. With fewer than 200 men against several thousand, Pizarro lures Atahualpa to a feast in the emperor’s honor and then opens fire on the unarmed Incans. Pizarro’s men massacre the Incans and capture Atahualpa, forcing him to convert to Christianity before eventually killing him.
Pizarro’s timing for conquest was perfect. By 1532, the Inca Empire was embroiled in a civil war that had decimated the population and divided the people’s loyalties. Atahualpa, the younger son of former Incan ruler Huayna Capac, had just deposed his half-brother Huascar and was in the midst of reuniting his kingdom when Pizarro arrived in 1531, with the endorsement of Spain’s King Charles V. On his way to the Incan capital, Pizarro learned of the war and began recruiting soldiers still loyal to Huascar.
Pizarro met Atahualpa just outside Cajamarca, a small Incan town tucked into a valley of the Andes. Sending his brother Hernan as an envoy, Pizarro invited Atahualpa back to Cajamarca for a feast in honor of Atahualpa’s ascendance to the throne. Though he had nearly 80,000 soldiers with him in the mountains, Atahualpa consented to attend the feast with only 5,000 unarmed men. He was met by Vicente de Valverde, a friar traveling with Pizarro. While Pizarro’s men lay in wait, Valverde urged Atahualpa to convert and accept Charles V as sovereign. Atahualpa angrily refused, prompting Valverde to give the signal for Pizarro to open fire. Trapped in tight quarters, the panicking Incan soldiers made easy prey for the Spanish. Pizarro’s men slaughtered the 5,000 Incans in just an hour. Pizarro himself suffered the only Spanish injury: a cut on his hand sustained as he saved Atahualpa from death.
Realizing Atahualpa was initially more valuable alive than dead, Pizarro kept the emperor in captivity while he made plans to take over his empire.In response,Atahualpa appealed to his captors’ greed, offering them a room full of gold and silver in exchange for his liberation. Pizarro consented, but after receiving the ransom, Pizarro brought Atahualpa up on charges of stirring up rebellion. By that time, Atahualpa had played his part in pacifying the Incans while Pizarro secured his power, and Pizarro considered him disposable. Atahualpa was to be burned at the stake—the Spanish believed this to be a fitting death for a heathen—but at the last moment, Valverde offered the emperor clemency if he would convert. Atahualpa submitted, only to be executed by strangulation. The day was August 29, 1533.
Fighting between the Spanish and the Incas would continue well after Atahualpa’s death as Spain consolidated its conquests. Pizarro’s bold victory at Cajamarca, however, effectively marked the end of the Inca Empire and the beginning of the European colonization of South America.

13. Independent Countries
Early 1800s: Simón Bolívar & José de San Martín used guerrilla warfare to help the region gain independence from Spain
Guerrilla warfare – small groups of non- traditional soldiers who use knowledge of the local territory to fight a larger military force
A huge gap between the rich and poor in the newly independent countries resulted in social and economic instability, leading to bloody conflicts after independence.
How did the countries of the Andean region gain their independence?
Why are Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín important in the history of the region?

14. Why did the former Spanish colonies in South America not create a “United States of South America” like the British colonies of North America did?
Read the section “Power and Governance” on page 309 and discuss several reasons with your partners. There was no strong momentum for unity.
The continent’s rugged terrain made communication between regions difficult.
The new countries lacked a tradition of self-government and a structure for government.
The wide divide between the rich and the poor caused social and economic instability.
Several countries battles over boundary disputes and mineral rights.
There was no strong momentum for unity.
The continent’s rugged terrain made communication between regions difficult.
The new countries lacked a tradition of self-government and a structure for government.
The wide divide between the rich and the poor caused social and economic instability.
Several countries battles over boundary disputes and mineral rights.

15. Late 1800s and 1900s: Economic & political challenges
Multinational companies from Europe controlled most of the natural resources of the region, so the poor did not benefit from the wealth
Government reforms to help the poor caused conflict that led to coups (military takeovers) & dictatorships in many countries.
In order to keep their political power, dictators limited freedom of speech and the press, sometimes violating the human rights, civil rights, & voting rights of the public.
Democracies have replaced dictatorships in recent years.
What challenges did the countries of the region face in the late 1800s and 1900s?
After independence, why did the countries in this region continue to experience economic hardship?

16. Chapter 10, Lesson 3 Life in the Andes & Mid-latitude Countries
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17. Living in the Andes Mountains
Advantages
Disadvantages
isolation,
transportation difficulty,
poor farming,
earthquakes & volcanoes
building stone,
mineral wealth,
river sources
Adv: building stone, mineral wealth, river sources
Disadv: isolation, transportation difficulty, poor farming, earthquakes & volcanoes
Physical Characteristics
Highlands – Andes Mts
Highest elevations –
snow-covered year-round
lower elevations –
forests

18. People & Cultures
Many ethnic groups – indigenous, European, Asia, & African
Primarily Catholic, Spanish-speaking, with a lot of indigenous cultures and beliefs
Most people live in cities along coast – too hard to live in mountains and rain forests
Many of the region's large cities have shantytowns or pueblos jovenes (“young towns”), where people often live in dirty & dangerous conditions.
Sports are important – football (soccer), equestrian, basketball, golf, boxing, & rugby
Santiago Cathedral and football field in Lima, Peru with peublos jovenes in the background
How do ethnic and religious traditions influence people's lives?
How is Kallawaya medicine different from the modern medicine that is practiced in most Western countries?
What are the major population patterns in the Andean region?
What limits the population in many inland areas?

19. Peru’s People Almost half of Peruvians have Incan ancestry
Speak Quechua
Machu Picchu – Incan fortress
Live in the mountains as subsistence farmers or herd llamas & alpacas
Mestizos live in cities or along the coast
Lots of poverty & unemployment
Wealthy Europeans & Asians run the gov’t
Panpipes – ancient musical instrument
Pachamanca – lamb, pork, rabbit, & chicken,
& vegetables roasted in a pit
Online textbook video about macchu Picchu – 3 minutes
“KEH chuh wuh”
“Macchu Picchu” - 4 minute video tour of Machu Picchu on YouTube
“panpipes” – 3 minute video clip of panpipes street musician at Macchu Picchu – notice the traditional wool clothing and quechua language.

20. Bolivia
Mining in the Andes, herding llamas & alpacas, lumber, & farming
Wheat, potatoes, barley, soybeans, coca
2/3 of people live in poverty
50% indigenous, 30% mestizo
Kallawaya medicine: healers travel around the country using traditional methods to cure the sick.
2 capital cities:
Sucre (Judicial) & La Paz (Exec & Legis) 
We actually are trying to use more of their ideas in western medicine – more study of plants for medicine
Coca farm in the Andes mountains – important to the native culture – they chew the leaves for a stimulant – but there is an international push to destroy these fields so cocaine is not produced.
Bolivia experienced a lot of upheaval during its first decades as a sovereign nation. In 1899 Bolivia’s Liberal Party and Conservative Party clashed in a struggle for political power. Sucre’s silver owners and large landowners supported the conservatives. Tin mine owners threw their support behind the Liberal Party. The Liberals overthrew the Conservatives and immediately bid to move the country’s seat of government to La Paz.
In the end, an agreement was reached. La Paz became the seat of the executive and legislative branches of the Bolivian constitution. However, La Paz is sometimes erroneously called the administrative (or de facto) capital.
Since 2005, there has been a movement to return all three branches of government to Sucre. There have even been several violent confrontations and protests regarding this matter over the past few years.
the New Bolivian Constitution, proposed by President Evo Morales, was approved by a narrow margin of just over 50%. Sucre remains the capital of Bolivia and La Paz the seat of government.

21. Life in Chile Main industries:
Mining – copper, gold, silver, iron ore, sodium nitrate (for fertilizer & explosives)
Agriculture - Most of people live in a central valley and grow fruit, vegetables, & wine grapes to sell to the US & Europe
Why do they sell so much to us?
Factories, banking, & tourism
We have opposite seasons – so now we can get good food all winter!
Chilean copper mine

22. Argentina - Wealthiest nation in Latin America
90% of people live in cities like Buenos Aires
Lots of factories & ports for international trade
Mostly Spanish & Italian ancestry
National Dance: the tango

23. Challenges of the Region
Andean economies rely heavily on agriculture and natural resources.
Transportation & trade are somewhat limited due to geographic and regional barriers.
The region faces challenges from air and water pollution, as well as border & territorial disputes.
How are economic and environmental issues affecting the region?
How does the physical landscape hamper transportation? What actions are being taken to improve transportation?
To close the Unit: Make a list of Big Ideas we learned about South America.
Physical geography is a challenge to the whole continent - Hard to live inland
Similar history – 300 years of European colonization, unrest after independence, class conflict/dictatorship, now democracy, but struggling
Culture – Spanish w/ indigenous influence, open, welcoming people – music, colorful, flavor,