1. Corn to ethanol

2. Agenda Corn to to ethanol Corn to ethanol subsidy
Starch
Energy balance
Production
Dry milling
Wet milling
Problems
Corn to ethanol subsidy
Archer Daniels Midlands (ADM)
Discussion

3. Rise of biofuels (history)
H. Ford 1908
R. Diesel 1987
Sugar cane ethanol 1920
OPEC oil embargo (1973)
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether MTBE (started in 1992, phased out in 2000) (2-methoxy-2-methylpropane )
Good blending
Increase octant number
Cheap, produced from natural gas
Toxicity
Oil in Middle East $$$$

4. Corn plant Corn kernel (without the fibre)-starch alcohol
Corn fibre-lignocellulosic alcohol
Corn stover-lignocellulosic alcohol

5. Chemical Composition of Starch
Plants contain two types of starch, linear (helix) amyloses and branched amylopectins.
The amounts of each of these starch types present is plant dependent.
Typical amounts are 25% amylose, 75% amylopectin

6. Amylose 14 -D-Glucopyranose
Because of the bonding, this molecule forms a helix
It takes 6 gluopyranose units for each turn
Amylose is not water soluble

7. Amylopectin 14 aD-Glucopyranose + 16  D Glucopyranose
Amylopectin is a branched polymer
Branching inhibits helix formation
This starch is therefore somewhat water (hot) soluble.

8. US ethanol production

9. Corn versus crude oil (US)

10. Corn
One bushel of corn (56 pounds after husks and cobs are removed) provides:
31.5 pounds of starch or
33 pounds of sweetener or
2.8 gallons of ethanol +
13.5 pounds of gluten feed
2.6  pounds of gluten meal
1.5 pounds of corn oil

11. Corn to ethanol
US produces 4,86 billion gallons of ethanol from corn (2006)
Production cost ~$1.09/gallon
Fossil fuel energy used to make the fuel (input) compared with energy in the fuel (output) 1:1.3 or negatives values
Greenhouse gas emission during production and use 22% less compared with gasoline

12. Production (billion gallons)
Biofuels-comparison
Production (billion gallons)
Production cost ($)
Energy balance
GHE
reduction (%)
Corn
4.86
1.09
1.3 22
Sugar cane
3.96
0.87
8.0
55-90
Lignocellulose NA
2-36 91
Biodiesel
0.50
2.5 68

13. Dry versus wet milling Dry versus wet milling
Dry grind process: the entire corn kernel is first ground into flour and the starch in the flour is converted to ethanol via fermentation
CO2 (used in the carbonated beverage industry)
Animal feed called distillers dried grain
Wet milling: first the separating the corn kernel into starch, protein, germ and fiber in an aqueous medium prior to fermentation
The primary products of wet milling include starch and starch-derived products (e.g. high fructose corn syrup and ethanol), corn oil, corn gluten, and corn gluten
Corn (starch) can be converted into ethanol in 3-5 days
Starch + water to form a mash
Mash + heat + enzymes (amlysases)=glucose
Glucose + yeast (fermentation) = CH3CH2OH + CO2
“Beer”= % CH3CH2OH and 85 % H2O
The "beer" is then boiled in a distillation column to separate H2O and CH3CH2OH up to 95%
Additional 5% of H2O removed by molecular sieves (size exclusion) 100% ethanol

14. 52°C, sulfurous acid (0.2%)
30-36 hours
pH 6+heat 110°C +-amylase
30 min liquid, dextrins (5-10 glucose)
-amylase+heat 90°C+glucoamylase ,
SHF, series of reactors
semicontinuous process
Yeast+ mash+glucoamylase (SSF)
glucose and maltose
fermented to ethanol and CO2,
48-72 hours
Conventional distillation 95%
5% water removed by sieves

15. Corn wet milling process

16. Energy inputs for corn to ethanol production

17. Ethanol subsidy
Ethanol subsidy totaled $7billion in 2006 for 4.9billion gallons of ethanol
$7/4.9=$1.5subsidy/gallon
51cents per gallon-federal blenders credit $2,5billion
$0.9 billion in corn subsidies for ethanol corn
$3.6 billions extra paid at the pump
$5.4 billion =windfall profit, creating what USDA's chief economist called "ethanol euphoria"
If we put $7billion in subsidizing lignocellulosic, wind, geothermal project…….
The subsidy:
Reduce the US dependence on foreign oil by 1.1%
Reduced GHE by 0.19%

18. Ethanol versus oil subsidy
Since 1968 ethanol industry had received $11.6 billion in tax incentives
Since 1968 oil industry had received over $150 billion in tax benefits.
Oil industry produced 1,068 times more energy
Subsidy per unit of energy was 54 higher for ethanol (ethanol gets 54 cents oil gets 1cent).
US General Accounting Office

19. Problems (1) Environmental problems Social problems
Greenhouse gas emission
Ethanol plants burn natural gas or coal to create the steam, adding to fossil fuel emission with CO2 from fermentation
Energy value
Pesticides, herbicides (nitrogen runoff from fertilizers)
Fertilizers (N, made with natural gas and diesel farm machinery)
Water demands: 3.6-6gallons of water/1 gallon of ethanol
Social problems
Competing with food industry
Doubling the price of corn (food riots in Mexico)

20. Problems (2) land availability

21. Problems (3) More environmental problems
“Most economic analyses of corn-to-ethanol production overlook the costs of environmental damages, should add another 23 cents per gallon”
Soil erosion
"Corn production in the US erodes soil about 12 x faster than the soil can be reformed, and irrigating corn mines groundwater 25 % faster than the natural recharge rate of ground water “
David Pimental Cornell University

22. Corn to ethanol (1)
1 acre of US corn =7,110 pounds of corn = 328 gallons of ethanol
Planting, growing and harvesting that much corn requires about 140 gallons of fossil fuels and costs $347 per acre.
Even before corn is converted to ethanol, the feedstock costs $1.05 per gallon of ethanol.

23. Corn to ethanol (2)
“The average US automobile, traveling 10,000 miles a year on pure ethanol (not a gasoline-ethanol mix) would need about 852 gallons of the corn-based fuel. This would take 11 acres to grow, based on net ethanol production. This is the same amount of cropland required to feed seven Americans”
David Pimental Cornell University

24. Corn to ethanol (3)
“If all the automobiles in the United States were fueled with 100 % ethanol, a total of about 97% of US land area would be needed to grow the corn feedstock. Corn would cover nearly the total land area of the United States”
David Pimental Cornell University

25. Corn to ethanol industry
Profits in 2006 for Archer Daniels Midlands (ADM) ~DOUBLED (increased from $259 million to $446 million)
August 2006 US 101 ethanol plants
39 refineries are under construction
7 existing are expanding

26. Corn to ethanol plants in US
Based on August 30th, 2006

27. Discussion Corn versus sugar cane for production of ethanol
Are we learning anything from Brazil based on the corn to ethanol industry?