Transport Terminals CHAPTER 5.

Transport Terminals CHAPTER 5

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The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent. If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source ( instead of the third party. Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2018) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Function of Transport Terminals
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Containerization and the Changing Operational Characteristics of Transport Terminals
Conventional Small terminal surface Direct transshipment possible Limited mechanization and automation Improvisation in terminal operations Container Large terminal surface Indirect transshipment (modal separation in time and space) Advanced mechanization and automation Organization and planning Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Functions of Transport Terminals
Connectivity Interface Buffer Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Types of Intermodal Terminals
Port Terminals Container sea terminal Intermediate hub Barge terminal Rail Terminals On-dock and near dock Transmodal terminal Load center Satellite terminal Distribution Centers Transloading Cross-docking Warehousing Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Integration between Port and Airport Terminals
Substitution Complementarity Maritime Transport Transloading / stuffing Port Air Transport Logistics zone Road transport Airport Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main Characteristics of Intermodal Transport Terminals
Core (Operations) Infrastructure Modal access (dock, siding, road), unloading areas Equipment Intermodal lifting equipment, storing equipment Storage Yard for empty and loaded containers Management Administration, maintenance, access (gates), information systems Ancillary (Added Value) Trade facilitation Free trade zone, logistical services Distribution centers Transloading, cross-docking, warehousing, light manufacturing, temperature controlled facilities (cold chain) Storage depot Container depot, bulk storage Container services Washing, preparation, repair, worthiness certification Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Added Value Functions Performed Around Freight Terminals
Overview Processing Operations on the goods. Includes sorting, packaging, testing, assembling. Distribution Operations on the cargo. Consolidation, deconsolidation, transloading or cross-docking. Assembling LTL shipments. Customs clearance Releasing and/or inspecting inbound cargo. Assumed by a national customs authority. Free trade zone A sanctioned site where foreign and domestic goods are considered to be outside of the customs territory. Requires bounded transport and bounded warehousing. Container depot Handle containers (leased or carrier owned). Transfer custody of containers between shippers. Storing and servicing/repairing containers. Source: adapted from M. Rahimi (2008), A. Asef-Vaziri and R. Harrison (2008) Integrating Inland Ports into the Intermodal Goods Movement System for Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, Metrans Transportation Center, Project 07-01, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Freight Terminal Hierarchy and Added Value
Gateway Freight Distribution Cluster (lower …) Added Value (… higher) Inland Port (load center) Satellite Terminal Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Freight Terminal Hierarchy and Added Value
Transshipment Hub Gateway Port-centric Size Intermodal Terminal Inland Port Logistics Zone Freight Village Satellite Terminal Added Value Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Modal and Temporal Separation at Freight Transport Terminals
Maritime Transport System 1 Maritime/Barge Modal and Temporal Separation 2 3 Buffer 1. Intermodal 2. Transfer quay to truck gates 3. On dock rail 4. Transloading Road Rail 1 1 4 Inland Transport System Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp
Barges Trucks Rail Deepsea services Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Physical Separation between Modes and Passengers / Cargo at Terminals
Docks Airfield Ports Airports Terminals Storage Platforms Yards Passenger Rail Freight Rail Station Storage Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Conventional Intermodal Terminal Equipment
Straddle Carrier Rubber-tired Gantry High storage densities (1,000 TEU per hectare). Difficult to move from one stack to the other. High acquisition but low operating costs. Circulate over container piles. Can go over stacks up to 3 in height. Density of 500 to 700 TEU per hectare. Front-end Loader Rail-mounter Gantry Use container top anchor points. Handle most containers. Can reach stacks up to 3 in height. Highest storage density (wide span; +1,000 TEU per hectare); mostly used at port terminals. Lowest operating costs. Fixed to rail tracks. Reach Stacker Portainer Flexible side loaders. Can reach stacks up to 3 full or 5 empty containers in height. 500 TEU per hectare. Load and unload containerships. Various sizes (Panamax and Super-Panamax). Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Freight Terminal Automation
Blockchain Foreland Terminal Hinterland Automated Guided Vehicles Automated Stacking Cranes Container Position Determination Automated trains Automated ships/barges? Automated Trucks Automated Warehouses Automated Mooring Systems Automated Ship to Shore Cranes Automated Intermodal Cranes Automated Gate Systems Port terminal related Intermodal terminal related Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Transloading
Cause Outcome Consolidation Transferring the contents of smaller containers into larger containers (e.g. three maritime 40 foot containers into two 53 foot domestic containers). Cost savings (number of lifts). Time delays. Weight issues Transferring the contents of heavy containers into loads meeting national or regional road weight limits (compliance). Remove the weight of the container (2.4 tons for a 20 TEU box and 4.3 tons for a 40 TEU box) and shift to a lighter load unit. Palletizing Placing loose (floor loaded) containerized cargo unto pallets. Adapting to local load units (e.g. europallet). Demurrage Handing back containers to owner (maritime shipping or leasing company) by transferring its contents into another load unit (e.g. domestic container). Equipment availability Making maritime containers available for exports and domestic containers available for imports. Trade facilitation. Supply chain management Terminal and transloading facility as a buffer. Delay decision to route freight to better fulfill regional demands. Perform some added value activities (packaging, labeling, final assembly, etc.) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Transloading
Consolidation Transferring the contents of ISO containers into domestic containers. Trade-off between less lifts and consolidation costs. Weight Compliance Transferring the contents of heavy containers into loads meeting national or regional road weight limits. Remove the weight of the container and shift to a lighter load unit. Palletizing Placing loose (floor loaded) containerized cargo unto pallets. Adapting to local load units (e.g. europallet). Demurrage and Equipment Availability Handing back containers to maritime shipping or leasing companies by transferring cargo into another load unit (e.g. domestic container). Making maritime containers available for exports and domestic containers available for imports. Supply Chain Management Terminal and transloading facility as a buffer. Delay decision to route freight to better fulfill regional demands. Perform added value activities (packaging, labeling, final assembly, etc.) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Transloading
Importers Reduction of unit transport costs (three maritime 40 footer containers into two domestic 53 footers). Added-value activities (sorting, packing, labeling, etc.). Routing flexibility through postponement. Transloading costs. Loss of at least one day of inland transit time. Possible shortage of domestic containers. Not all cargo suitable. Reconciling different container loads (additional delays). Risk of damage or theft of cargo during transloading. Maritime Shipping Limit repositioning of empty containers. Higher asset utilization (faster container turnover). Risk of container damage. Less equipment available inland for exports. Source: adapted from The Tioga Group (2008) Containerized Intermodal Goods Movement Assessment, North American Logistics Chain, Transportation Issues and Trends. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Terminal Costs Costs C1 C2 C3 Road Rail Maritime T3 T2 T1 Distance

Transport and Terminal Costs Tradeoff in a Maritime Transport Chain
Minimal load Total Costs 8,000 TEU Costs per TEU Terminal Costs Source: Adapted from O. Merk (2015) The Impact of Mega-Ships: Case-Specific Policy Analysis. OECD, International Transportation Forum. Transport Costs Shipment Size Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Terminals and Hinterlands

Centrality and Intermediacy
Range Gateway Intermediacy Centrality Hub (Interception) Hub (Transcalar) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Hinterland of a Transport Terminal
‘Island’ Competition Margin ‘Natural’ Hinterland Customer B A Main Hinterland Terminal Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Foreland and Hinterland
B Main hinterland A D Competition margin C Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Continuous and Discontinuous Port Hinterlands
Port A Discontinuous hinterland of Port A Continuous hinterland of Port A 'Island' formation Source: Notteboom and Rodrigue (2005) Discontinuous hinterland of Port B Port B Continuous hinterland of Port B Main hinterland Competition margin Maritime load centre Inland terminal Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The “Boxed In” Hinterland
Border Corridor Port “Natural hinterland” Constrained hinterland Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Maritime Enclaves (Landlocked Countries)

The Hinterland of Single and Multiple Ports
A) Single Port B) Multiple Ports C) Multiple Ranges Port Corridor Main Hinterland Competitive hinterland Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Coastal, Landlocked and Relatively Landlocked Markets

The Space / Cost Dichotomy of Forelands and Hinterlands
10% 80% Port Distance Costs Dichotomy FORELAND HINTERLAND 90% 20% Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Hinterland Setting and Major Economic Regions
North America Western Europe East and Southeast Asia Coastal concentration Landbridge connections Inland concentration Coastal gateways Coastal concentration Low hinterland access Source: Adapted from Lee, S.W., D.W. Song and C. Ducruet (2008) "A tale of Asia's world ports: the spatial evolution in global hub port cities", Geoforum, Vol. 39, pp Hinterland intensity Freight corridor hierarchy Gateway hierarchy Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Types of Hinterland Macro-economic Physical Logistical Concept
Transport demand Transport supply Flows Elements Logistical sites (production and consumption) as part of commodity chains Transport links and terminals Mode, Timing, punctuality and frequency of services Attributes Interest rates, exchange rates, prices, savings, production, debt Capacity, corridors, terminals, physical assets (fixed and mobile) Added value, tons-km, TEU, Value of time, ICT Challenge International division of production and consumption Additional capacity (modal and intermodal) Supply chain management Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Strategies Used by Port Authorities to Coordinate their Hinterland
Usage of incentives Coordinate operations of freight actors. Optimal usage of transport chains. Inter-firm alliances Vertical integration (along transport chains). Horizontal integration (between competitors). Alliance between a maritime shipping company and a terminal operator (vertical). Equipment / container pools (horizontal). Organisational scope Vertical integration where an actor decides to penetrate a new market. A maritime shipping company involved in port terminal operations. A port authority developing an inland port. Collective actions Public / private partnerships to create logistics parks. Each actor contributes within its realm of expertise. Development of port community systems. Source: adapted from Van der Horst, M.R. and P.W. de Langen (2008), Coordination in hinterland transport chains: a major challenge for the seaport community, Journal of Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 10, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Terminals as Clusters and Growth Poles
Cluster Structure (Dis)agglomeration forces Internal competition Cluster barriers Heterogeneity Cluster Governance Intermediaries Trust Leader firms Collective action regimes Terminal Terminal-dependent activities Agglomeration Inter-terminal link A Terminal-client link Cluster Performance Added value B Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Elements of the Maritime / Land Interface
Maritime Freight Distribution Actors Maritime shipping companies (Private). Waterways and navigation channels (Public). Terminal operators (Private). Port operations (Port Authority). Land ownership (Public and Private). Port System Gateways On-dock rail (Port Authority and terminal operators). Near-dock rail (Rail companies). Trucking and barging (Private). Roads and highways (Public). Rail lines (Rail companies; ownership or right-of-way). Road Rail Coastal / Fluvial Corridors and Hubs Hinterland (Inland Ports) Inland Freight Distribution Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Major Public and Private Actors in the Maritime / Land Interface
Waterside Port Complex Inland Maritime shipping companies (Private) Terminal operators (Private) On-dock rail (Port Authority and terminal operators) Rail lines (Rail companies; ownership or right-of-way) Waterways and navigation channels (Public) Port operations (Port Authority) Near-dock rail (rail companies; main, regional, short line) Major highways (Public) Land ownership (Public and Private) Trucking and barging (private) Local roads (Public; municipal, county) Source: adapted from M. E. Robins and A. Strauss-Wieder (2006) Principles for a U.S. Public Freight Agenda in a Global Economy, The Brookings Institution Series on Transportation Reform Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Ports and Urban Land Use
Interface Environment Technology 4 2 3 City 1 Port Legislation 3 2 4 Economy Source: adapted from Hoyle B.S. (1989) "The port-city interface: trends problems and examples". Geoforum, Vol. 20, pp Politics Zone of conflict/cooperation 1 Port migration Environmental filter 2 Industrial migration Traditional port/city zone 3 Land use competition 4 Water use competition Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Under Construction Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Impacts of Larger Containership Calls on Port Hinterland Traffic
Panamax (4,500 TEU) Post Panamax (8,000 TEU) 13 containers wide 17 containers wide 290x32x12.5 meters 300x43x14.5 meters 290x32x12.5 1,700 TEU per port call 3,500 TEU per port call 1.7 hectares of stacking 3.5 hectares of stacking 850 Trucks (2 TEU each) 1750 Trucks (2 TEU each) In Europe; trains of 750 meters and 80 TEUs maximum are possible. In North America, the average train carries 400 TEU and has a length of 2,000 meters meters for a 2 TEU truck. The stacking density assumes the usage of RTGs with a stacking density of 1,000 TEU per hectare. 14 km 28.8 km 4.25 Trains (400 TEU each) 8.75 Trains (400 TEU each) 8.5 km (North America) 17.5 km (North America) 17.5 Trains (80 TEU each) 43.75 Trains (80 TEU each) 13.1 km (Europe) 32.8 km (Europe) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Terminals Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Dimensions of a Port
Place Operations Administrative Unit Value Chain Foreland Hinterland Site and situation Operational capacity and efficiency Governance and management Added economic value Source: Adapted from P. De Landen (2006) “Stakeholders, conflicting interests and governance in port clusters”, Research in Transportation Economics 17, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Sites In a delta Margin of a delta Along a river Natural harbors
In an estuary Near an estuary In a bay Protected Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Harbor Types Coastal Natural Coastal Breakwater River Basins
River Tide Gates Source: adapted from National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (2005) World Port Index, Eighteenth Edition, Coastal Tide Gates Open Roadstead River Natural Canal or Lake Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Harbor Types of the World's Large Sized Ports
Source: NGA, World Port Index Database. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Number of Large and Medium Ports by Channel Depth
Source: adapted from National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (2005) World Port Index, Eighteenth Edition, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World Harbor Types and Sizes
Large Medium Small Very Small Coastal Breakwater 39 (29.8%) 105 (33.2%) 281 (23.8%) 388 (13.0%) Coastal Natural 26 (19.8%) 89 (28.2%) 474 (40.1%) 1529 (51.4%) Coastal Tide gates 5 (3.8%) 5 (1.6%) 18 (1.5%) 11 (0.4%) Lake or Canal 3 (2.3%) 6 (1.9%) 26 (2.2%) 32 (1.1%) Open Roadstead 18 (13.7%) 17 (5.4%) 97 (8.2%) 450 (15.1%) River Basins 7 (5.3%) 20 (6.3%) 23 (1.9%) 27 (0.9%) River Natural 25 (19.1%) 59 (18.7%) 248 (21.0%) 518 (17.4%) River Tide gates 14 (4.4%) 12 (1.0%) 14 (0.5%) Total 131 (100%) 316 (100%) 1181 (100%) 2875 (100%) Source: adapted from National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (2005) World Port Index, Eighteenth Edition, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Depth and Surface Distribution of a Sample of Container Terminals (n=397)

Depth and Surface Distribution of a Sample of Container Terminals
50 feet = 15 meters Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Relationship between Terminal Depth and Surface (N=512)

World’s Major Ports, 2011 Source: Adapted from the American Association of Port Authorities. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Tonnage Handled by the World’s Major Ports, 2013
Source: Adapted from the American Association of Port Authorities. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s Major Container Ports, 2011
Source: Adapted from Containerization International, port authorities and port associations. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The World’s 15 Largest Ports, 2012 (Millions of tons and TEUs)
Source: Adapted from the American Association of Port Authorities. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The World’s 20 Largest Container Ports, 2010 (Millions of TEU)
Source: Containerization International. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Sites and Functions
Port Functions Export Activities Land Domain Hinterland Hinterland Inland Port Services to merchandises Main Port Rail transport CONVERGENCE Feeder Port Infrastructures Interface Foreland Maritime transport MP FP Services to ships DISTRIBUTION Road transport IP Hinterland Foreland Maritime Domain Import Activities Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Ports and Economic Location Factors
Non-material inputs Manufacturing Cluster Port (Labor, Capital, Technology, Policies, Regulations) Outputs Material Inputs (Markets, Customers) (Resources, Parts, Energy, Land) Gateway or Transshipment Port Industrial Port

Port Activities Land Land acquisition (purchase or lease)
Land reclamation projects Maritime Access Access channel dredging Sea locks & breakwaters Vessel traffic service & ship movement information networks Light buoys & navigational aids Port Infrastructure Internal locks; docks, quays, jetties, piers, berths Harbor basin dredging Port Superstructure Pavement Warehouses, sheds Cranes and gantries and other mobile/semi-mobile equipment Terminal and office buildings Public utilities (sewage, water supply, electricity) Infrastructure Links Railways, roads, canals, tunnels and bridges within the port area Port Maintenance Maintenance dredging; infra and superstructure Port Services Cargo handling (stevedoring, storage, stowage) Nautical services (pilotage, towage, mooring) Other services (firefighting, water & electricity supply, security, bunkering, pollution control, etc.) Port Planning Promoting logistics and industrial areas Marketing to existing and potential users Planning of infrastructure and superstructure developments Source: Adapted from P. Cariou. Port management lecture notes. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Port Performance Continuum
Maritime Operations Terminal Operations Hinterland Operations Port Authority Rail T5 ODRY NDRY In port navigation T1 T2 Storage Yard T3 T4 Local Roads Berthing Anchorage Hinterland Port Terminal City T1: Crane performance T2: Crane to storage yard performance T3: Storage yard to gate performance T4: Gate performance T5: Storage yard to on-dock rail performance ODRY/NDRY: On-dock/Near-dock rail yard Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Port Performance Value Chain
Maritime Operations Terminal Operations Hinterland Operations In port navigation T1 Storage Yard T4 T2 T3 H1 H2 Foreland Anchorage Berthing Warehouse Hinterland Port Terminal Maritime Shipping Company Port Authority Terminal Operator Truck/Rail Operator Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Vessel Dwell Times, American Ports, 2016
NOTE: Based on 18,500 observations. SOURCE: USDOT, BTS, and Volpe Center, calculated using AIS data provided by ERDC. Port Performance Freight Statistics Program: Annual Report To Congress 2017 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Channel Depth at Major North American Container Ports
Source: Adapted from US Army Corp of Engineers (2012). U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Channel Depth at Selected North American Ports (in feet)
Source: Adapted from US Army Corp of Engineers (2012). U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Typology of Port Cities
Port Traffic Small Medium Large Small Coastal port town Regional port town Major port town City Port City Size Medium Source: adapted from Ducruet, C., (2007) “A metageography of port-city relationships”, in: Ports, Cities, and Global Supply Chains, J.J.Wang,, D. Olivier, B. Slack, and T. Notteboom, T. (eds.), Aldershot: Ashgate p Regional city Regional port city Major port city Large Coastal metropolis Port metropolis World port city Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

A Multi-Layer Approach to Port Dynamics
Functional Customer Shipper Logistical Transport Demand Pull Valorization Source: adapted from Notteboom T. and J-P Rodrigue (2007) "Re-assessing Port-Hinterland Relationships in the Context of Global Supply Chains", in J. Wang et al. (eds) Ports, Cities, and Global Supply Chains, London: Ashgate. Infrastructural Spatial Locational Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Evolution of a Port Setting Expansion Specialization 4 4 4 3 2 5 1
Downtown Terminal facilities Rail Water depth Reconversion Urban expansion Port-related activities Highway Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam

Drivers of Port Migration and Relocation
Need for deep water access (Pull) Better connectivity to liner shipping networks (less harbor navigation time) (Pull) Congestion and land availability (Push) Real estate for terminal operation and supporting logistical activities (Pull) Accessibility to regional transportation systems (Pull) Urban development dynamics (Push) Cost differentials (land, labor, capital) between existing and new locations (Pull) Environmental restrictions (Push) Governance and jurisdictional issues (Push)

The Main Activities of Landlord Port Authorities
Traffic Management Vessel traffic management (fast turnaround, security, reliability). Management of inbound and outbound inland traffic. Partnership with barge, rail and truck operators for inland distribution. Area Management Develop transport infrastructures. Provide space for port related activities (expansion or reconversion). Rationalize the land use. Customer Management Attract new customers. Retain existing customers (satisfaction). Find new added value activities. Stakeholder Management Influence regulation. Relations with local, regional and national public agencies. Source: adapted from De Langen, P. (2008) Ensuring Hinterland Access: The Role of Port Authorities, JTRC Discussion Paper Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Contextual Evolution of the Dimensions Covered by Port Authorities
Conventional Port Authority Expanded Port Authority Economic Port infrastructure management and operations. Transport chain. Concession agreements. Logistical chain. Hinterland access. Institutional Centralized entity (node). Financial dependency. Decentralized entity (cluster). Financial autonomy. Environmental Environmental impact assessment. Environmental management systems. Port-city relationships. Source: adapted from A. Monfort (2010) “Port evolution: must or need? Can port authorities do it in an isolated way?” Terminal Operators Conference Europe, Valencia, Spain, June. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Emerging Paradigm in the Role of Port Authorities within their Port Regions
Conventional Port Authority Expanded Port Authority Landlord Planning and management of port area. Provision of infrastructures. Landlord Cluster Governance Service Efficiency Logistical Integration Infrastructure and Growth Management Port-City Integration Regulator Planning framework. Enforcement of rules and regulations. Regulator Source: adapted from A. Monfort (2010) “Port evolution: must or need? Can port authorities do it in an isolated way?” Terminal Operators Conference Europe, Valencia, Spain, June. Operator Cargo handling. Nautical services (pilotage, towage, dredging). Operator Terminal Operator(s) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Authority Marketing Strategies and Stakeholder Types
Commercial Institutional Community Traffic and investments Policy and regulations Public relations Lessees (terminals, logistics facilities, industrial sites, commercial real estate, etc.) Carriers (container, ro-ro, bulk) Cruise lines Port service providers (bunkering, towing) Logistics operators Shippers Road, rail and barge operators Inland ports Governmental institutions Trade and investment agencies Financial institutions Trade groups Municipal governments Regional and provincial governments Non-governmental organizations Employees and labor unions Special interest groups Port-related economic activities (trade, manufacturing, tourism) Foundations Tourists and passengers Adapted from : Parola, F., Pallis, A.A., Risitano, M. and Ferretti, M. (2016). Marketing strategies of Port Authorities: A multi-dimensional framework. Paper presented at EURAM Conference 2016, 1-4 June Paris, France. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Characteristics of Conventional Break-bulk Terminals versus Container Terminals
Small terminal surface Large terminal surface Direct transshipment possible Indirect transshipment Limited mechanization and automation Advanced mechanization and automation Improvisation in terminal operations Organization and planning Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Conventional Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal
Rail Road Container crane Docking area Administration Near-dock rail terminal Empties On dock rail terminal Gate Container storage Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Loading / unloading area 1 km Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Conventional and Emerging Container Terminal Configurations
crane Loading / unloading area Container storage Reefers Gate Empties Reefers Empties Drop / Pick up On dock rail terminal Chassis Straddle carrier Rubber-tired gantry Wide span gantry Linear Layouts Block Layouts Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Technical Changes in Container Port Terminals (redo as a graphic)
Standard Container Port Emerging Paradigm Stacking density 1,000 to 1,200 TEUs per hectare 2,000 to 4,000 TEUs per hectare Ship-to-shore gantry crane productivity About movements per hour About movements per hour Daily throughput per ship 3,000 to 4,000 TEUs 5,000 to 6,000 TEUs Dwell time at container yard About 6 days About 3 days Truck turnaround time About 60 minutes About 30 minutes Rail access In port area / Near dock On dock Berthing depth 12 to 15 meters (40 to 50 feet) More than 15 meters (50 feet) Source: adapted from Ircha, M.C. (2006) Characteristics of Tomorrow’s Successful Port, The AIMS Atlantica Papers #4, Atlantic Institute of Market Studies, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Typical Container Terminal Configurations
Capacity (in TEUs) Quay Length (meters) Number of Cranes Yard Area (hectares) RTGs 500,000 400 3 8 10 750,000 500 4 13 1,000,000 625 5 17 1,500,000 875 20 25 2,000,000 1,125 26 33 3,000,000 1,325 15 40 50 4,000,000 2,125 53 67 4,500,000 2,375 22 60 75 5,000,000 2,625 66 84 Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Terminal Capacity and Terminal Configuration

Diffusion of Key Port Terminal Automation Technologies
Source: Adapted from Ricardo Sanchez (2016) Some reflections about the future of ports, CEPAL. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cumulative Number of Automated Terminals and Automated Surface

Diffusion of Key Port Terminal Automation Technologies
Quay Cranes Horizontal Transport Yard Cranes Tracking Gates Adoption Diffusion Maturity Yard Management 25% 50% 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Fully and Semi Automated Container Terminals, Total Hectares, 2018

Characteristics of Portainers
Panamax Post Panamax Super Post Panamax Outreach 30 to 40 m (13 containers wide) 40 to 45 m (18 containers wide) 46 to 70 m (22+ containers wide) Lift Height 24 to 30 m 30 to 35 m 30 to 49 m Lift Capacity 40 to 50 t single / 65 t twin 65 t twin / 80 t tandem Hoisting Speed 50 to 125 m per minute 60 to 150 m per minute 70 to 175 m per minute Trolley Speed 150 to 180 m per minute 180 to 210 m per minute 210 to 240 m per minute Lateral Travel Speed 45 m per minute Wheel Load 30 to 45 t per meter 40 to 45 t per meter 60 to 80 t per meter Cost $4 to 5 million $6 to 8 million $8 to 10 million Source: Adapted from Liebherr Container Cranes Ltd. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Potential Impacts of Automation of Container Port Terminals
Shipping Network Terminal Facilities Further network segmentation. Rationalization of shipping networks. New types of container terminals. Changes in terminal operations. Changes in velocity and throughput. Vertical Integration Terminal Footprint Decline of the global terminal footprint. Less multiterminal ports. Development of 3PL and 4PL services. New partnerships. X

The Insertion of a Satellite Terminal in Port Operations
On-dock rail terminal Local & regional distribution Dedicated Rail Corridor National rail distribution Transloading Local & regional distribution Port Terminal Satellite Rail Terminal Maritime / Land Interface Foreland Hinterland Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Number of Container Ports of more than 100,000 TEU and Cumulative Traffic, 1970-2010

Net Containerized Traffic Change, 2003-05 / 2008-10 (in TEU)

Monthly Total Container Traffic at Selected Ports (Jan 2005=100)
Source: New York: Los Angeles: Busan: Honk Kong: Singapore: Algeciras: Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2017
Source: Port of Los Angeles: Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of New York, 2005-2016
Source: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Average Monthly Container Traffic Share, Selected Ports, 2005-2010
Source: Port Authorities Web Sites. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Berth Productivity, Selected Ports, 2013
Source: JOC Group (2014) Berth Productivity: The Trends, Outlook and Market Forces Impacting Ship Turnaround Times. Based on average 2013 container moves per-ship, per-hour on all vessel sizes. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Hours of Operation of Major Container Terminal Facilities, United States
Rounded to the nearest hour (e.g. 4:30 implies a closure at 5PM). Most terminals will not admit trucks half an hour before closure if paperwork not processed. The late hours (6PM to 2AM) are all accounted by Los Angeles and Long Beach. Early closure on Fridays. Great majority are closed on Sundays. Some partial operations on Saturdays. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach, Inland Flows
7,500 trucks/day equivalent Intra-terminal On-dock rail yards Non-local destination 24% Alameda Corridor Near-dock rail yards Non-local destination 8% 3.8 M TEU 1.3 M TEU Marine Terminals (15.8 M TEU) 2,600 trucks/day Off-dock rail yards Rail Non-local destination 9% 1.5 M TEU 3,000 trucks/day Distribution Center Off-dock rail yards Non-local destination 3.6 M TEU 23% 7,100 trucks/day Source: adapted from M. Rahimi, A. Asef-Vaziri and R. Harrison (2008) “An Inland Port Location-Allocation Model for a Regional Intermodal Goods Movement System”, Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 10, No 4, pp 5.6 M TEU 11,000 trucks/day Distribution Center Local destination 32% Truck Non-local destination 4% Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Stages in Port Development
Period Up to the mid 19th century Mid 19th century to mid 20th century Late 20th century Late 20th century, early 21st century Development rationale Rise in trade Industrialization Globalization Logistics Main port function Cargo handling Storage Trade Industrial manufacturing Container distribution Logistics control Dominant cargo General cargo Bulk cargo Containers Containers and information flows (supply chain) Spatial scale Port city Port area Port region Port network Role of port authority Nautical services Land and infrastructure Port marketing Network management Source: adapted from Van Klink, A. (2003) “The Kempen nexus” in R. Loyen, E. Buyst and G. Devos (eds) Struggling for Leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam Port Competition between , Heidelberg , New York: Physica: pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Regionalization 1 Setting 2 Expansion
City 1 Setting Port General Cargo Bulk Cargo 2 Expansion Containerized Cargo Level of functional integration 3 Specialization Urban Area Reconversion 4 Inland Terminal Regionalization Freight Corridor Market Area Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Spatial Development of a Port System
Phase 1: Scattered ports Phase 2: Penetration and hinterland capture LAND SEA Phase 3: Interconnection & concentration Phase 4: Centralization Phase 5: Decentralization and insertion of transshipment hub Phase 6: Regionalization Source: Notteboom, T. and J-P Rodrigue (2005) “Port Regionalization: Towards a New Phase in Port Development”, Maritime Policy and Management, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp Notteboom, T. and J-P Rodrigue (2010) “Foreland-Based Regionalization: Integrating Intermediate Hubs with Port Hinterlands”, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 27, pp Freight corridor Hinterland-based (Regional load centre network) Load center Interior centre Deepsea liner services Shortsea/feeder services Foreland-based Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Foreland and Hinterland-Based Regionalization: From Massification to Atomization
System Flows Atomization TEU Individual Delivery Inland Terminal Inland Terminal HINTERLAND TEU Double-Stack Rail GATEWAY GATEWAY 1,000- 5,000 TEU Feeder Ship FORELAND INTERMEDIATE HUB 4,000- 8,000 TEU Main Shipping Lane Liner Ship 5,000- 12,000 TEU INTERMEDIATE HUB Massification Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Extended Gate Concept
Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration Port Inland Port Transloading Logistics Zone Container depot Land Link Truck / Rail / Barge Shuttles Maritime Link Inventory at Terminal Extended Distribution Center Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Gateways and the Logistical Hinterland
Pacific-Asia (e.g. Pearl River Delta) North American West Coast (e.g. LA/Long Beach) Landbridge North Europe (e.g. Rhine Scheldt Delta) Container port / terminal Logistics zone / site Strongly developed corridor Poorly developed corridor Multi-port gateway region Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The East Asian Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions

The North-American Container Port System and its Multi-Port Gateway Regions
Source: Rodrigue, J-P and T. Notteboom (2010) "Comparative North American and European Gateway Logistics: The Regionalism of Freight Distribution", Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The European Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
Source: Rodrigue, J-P and T. Notteboom (2010) "Comparative North American and European Gateway Logistics: The Regionalism of Freight Distribution", Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Disadvantages of Scale
Maritime / Port Operations Less ports able to accommodate larger ships. Reduction in ship call frequency. Longer intra-port navigation. Longer berth space and berth time. Reduction in crane productivity. Yard Operations Surges in yard haulage. Surges in yard storage. Surges in reefer slots usage. Security and customs inspection issues. Gate / Hinterland Operations Surges in gate access. Increased local congestion. Supply chain adjustments (more lead time and inventory). Cargo risks (insurance). Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Inside-Out and Outside-In Port / Hinterland Integration
Inland Sea Source: adapted from Monios, J. and G. Wilmsmeier (2012) “Giving a direction to port regionalization”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(10), Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

A Spatial Model on Logistics Sites in the Port Hinterland
PHASE 1: Spatial dispersion of logistics sites and only concentration in transshipment centers PHASE 2: Multiplication of logistics zones in hinterland and growing maritime polarization Multimodal transshipment center Secondary logistics zone Logistics site Transport corridors Primary logistics zone LAND Logistics Pole LAND SEA SEA Company-specific logistics network LAND LAND SEA SEA PHASE 3: Strong zoning and polarization of logistics sites, also in the hinterland PHASE 4: Dezoning in primary logistics zones and the functional bundling of logistics zones to form large logistics poles Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Centric Logistics: From Dissociation to Reinsertion
Before Containerization Early Containerization Mature Containerization Container Terminal Port Port-Centric Logistics Zone Port District Strong Association Dissociation Reinsertion Clearly defined port districts. Low mechanization. Large workforce. Break bulk (on dock). New terminal facilities. Lower inland transport costs. Low congestion level. Offshoring. Trade imbalances. Global supply chains. Increasing congestion levels. Large containerized volumes at gateways. First Tier Logistics Second Tier Logistics Bulk Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Functional Types of Port Centric Logistics
Export-Oriented Intermediate Import-Oriented Airport Container Terminal Port-Centric Logistics Zone First Tier Logistics Second Tier Logistics Consolidation /Stuffing Repositioning Manufacturing Transloading Warehousing / Distribution Assembly / Customization Manufacturing Deconsolidation / Destuffing Repositioning Transloading Assembly / Customization Distribution

Shifts in Containerized Maritime Transshipments
Scope Maritime Logistics Intermediate Hubs Intermodal Source: adapted from A. Ashar (2002), Revolution now, Containerisation International, January. Vessel Size Containerization 1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Forms of Port Terminal Privatization
Type Nature Sale Terminal is transferred on a freehold basis but with the requirement that it will be used only to provide terminal services. Concession agreement Long-term lease of terminal land and facilities and the requirement that the concessionaire undertakes specified capital investments to build, expand, or maintain the cargo-handling facilities, equipment, and infrastructure. Capital lease Similar to a concession except that the private sector is not explicitly required to invest in the facilities and equipment other than for normal maintenance and replacement over the life of the agreement. Management contract Private sector assumes responsibility for the allocation of terminal labor and equipment and provides services to the terminal users in the name of the public owner. The public sector retains control over all the assets. Service contract The private sector performs specific terminal activities. The arrangement differs from a management contract in that the private sector provides the management, labor, and equipment required to accomplish these activities. Equipment lease Can be in various forms involving leaseback arrangements or supplier credits. These agreements are used to amortize the costs to the terminal for new equipment and to ensure a reliable supply of spare parts and, often, a guaranteed level of service/reliability from this equipment. Source: adapted from AT Operators. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port TEU Movements, 1980-2012 (millions of TEU)
Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Number of Transfers per Container between Ship and Shore
Source: E.G. Frankel (2006) “The Future of Containerization”. International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), Izmir, Turkey. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transshipment Requirements for Liner Shipping Connections between Country Pairs, 2009
Source: UNCTAD (2009) Transport Newsletter, #36 and #43 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Rank / Size of the 25 Largest Container Ports, 1980-2010 (TEUs)

Container Traffic of the World’s 20 Most Important Ports, 1980-2015

Modal Split at Selected European Container Ports, 2007
Source: adapted from “The future of freight transport and inland shipping in Europe 2010 – 2011”, Dutch Inland Shipping Information Agency, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Modal Split at Selected North American Container Ports, 2007
Source: Port Authorities. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Ports and Main Maritime Ranges of the Americas, 2015

Net Container Volume Changes in the Americas, 2010 / 2015

Share of the Maritime Ranges of the Americas in Total Container Volumes, 1990-2015

Cargo Handled by the Top 6 North American Container Ports, 1985-2016 (in TEUs)

Container Traffic at North American Ports, 1980-2016 (TEUs)
Source: American Association of Port Authorities. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Traffic at the Main Container Ports of Mexico, 1997-2015 (TEUs)
Source: American Association of Port Authorities. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Factors behind Transshipment (to make as a graphic instead)
Substitution Small ships instead of large ships (better asset utilization). Water instead of land (modal shift). Network expansion More links and wider coverage (more traffic and throughput). Intersection and relay (transit between long distance services). Imposed Lack of port infrastructure (capacity unavailable for large ships). Lack of traffic (not enough traffic to justify a large ship call). Congestion (potential delays for large ships). High port costs (port call charges versus volume). Cost trade off Savings in ship cost vs. additional port handling (advantages of ‘offshore’ locations). Level of service Transit Time (varied; depend on the port pairs). Frequency (higher; more port calls). Reliability (less; more potential for delays). Source: adapted from Ashar (2009). Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Levels of Transshipment Incidence
75% Very High Pure transshipment port 50% High Hub port 25% Average Regional gateway port Low 0% Gateway / Feeder port Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transshipment Patterns
Direct Service By-Passing Hub A B C A B C Feeder Mainline (mother) Tail Cutting Hubbing Hub A B C A B C D PTP Source: adapted from Ashar (2009). Intersection Relay C Hub B Hub PTP A B E A D C D Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Advantages of Intermediate Hub Terminals
Proximity to major shipping routes (low deviation) Intermediary locations Location Greater depth (>13.5 meters) Accommodate post-panamax ships Depth Large yard area Available land for expansion Land Lower costs and less regulations Fast throughput Costs Limited investment required Hinterland Commonly managed by a (single) global private operator Ownership Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Selection Factors for a Transshipment Hub
Location Proximity to major shipping routes (low deviation) Intermediary location connecting feeder and deepsea services Hinterland access (local cargo capture) Infrastructure Greater depth (>13.5 meters) to accommodate post-panamax ships Large yard area for the temporary storage of containers High capacity equipment Operations Lower costs High berth productivity Reliability (service level) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Locational Structures for Transshipment Hubs
Funnel Corridor Cluster Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Insertion of Transshipment Hubs
Hub-and-Spoke Deepsea service Feeder service Intersection (Continuation) Other deepsea service Relay (Distribution) Regional services Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Insertion of Transshipment Hubs
Hub-and-Spoke Intersection (Continuation) Relay (Distribution) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transshipment Volume and Incidence by Major Ports, 2007-12

Transshipment Volume and Incidence by Major Ports, 2008-14

Container Port Traffic and Transshipment Traffic around the Caribbean Basin, 2015
Source: Data adapted from Drewry Shipping Consultants Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main Port Gateways and Intermediate Hubs
Main Function Transshipment incidence Volume (TEU 2015) Singapore Hub (Southeast Asia, Pacific / Indian) 92% 27.9 Hong Kong Gateway (Southern China) 25% 23.8 Algeciras Hub (West Mediterranean) 85% 3.2 Dubai Hub (Middle East / South Asia) 50% 10.6 Freeport Hub (Caribbean / Gulf of Mexico) 98% 1.5 Antwerp Gateway (Western Europe) 23% 8.2 Los Angeles / Long Beach Gateway (American West Coast) NA (low) 15.6 New York Gateway (American North East) 2% 5.3 Panama Hub (Caribbean / Latin America) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Ports with the Highest Transshipment Incidence, 2008
Source: adapted from Drewry Shipping Consultants. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Ports with the Highest Transshipment Volume, 2008

Transshipment Incidence in Port Regions around the World, 2008

Rail Terminals Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Types of Rail Terminals
Passengers Freight HSR Bulk Urban Suburban Airport Intercity RO/RO Port Fluvial Inland Commuter Break-bulk Urban Transit Intermodal Shunting Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Structuring Effects of Rail Terminals
Passengers Freight Cluster Hotels, retail and restoration. Office parks. Specialized storage (grain, minerals, chemicals). Heavy industries. Logistics zones. Adjacency User base. Distance decay. Road and transit systems. Customer base. Drayage distance. Highway system. Accessibility Urban system. Commercial and social interactions. Economic specialization and interdependency. Hinterland access. Network Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Types and Functions of Rail Freight Corridors
Examples Short distance (within a gateway / hub) Modal shift, improved capacity and throughput. Switch carrying; Alameda Corridor; Panama Canal Railway Hinterland access (between a gateway and its market area) Expand market area, reduce distribution costs & congestion Rail shuttles; Satellite terminals; Inland ports Landbridge (between gateways) Long distance container flows, continuity of global commodity chains North American landbridge; Eurasian landbridge Circum-hemispheric (between gateways with a maritime segment) Integrated global transport chains Northern East-West Corridor; “One Belt, One Road” Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Road / Rail Transloading
Customer Long Distance Trucking Empty Travel Producer B Short Distance Trucking Transloading Long Distance Rail Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Rail Bundling Strategies and Operational Time
Time to cover 700 km 12 hours 10 hours 8 hours Source: Adapted from Beisler, L., J. Kettler and P. Molle (1995) “Rationalisierunbg bei der Zugbildung un Nahbereichsbedienung im Schienengüterverkehr”, Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau, No. 4, pp. 225–231. Hub-and-spoke trains Group trains Direct train Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Configuration of an Intermodal Rail Terminal
Classification Yard Classification Yard Intermodal Yard Gate / Administration Repair / maintenance Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage Chassis storage 1 km Modeled after the Bedford Yard in Chicago Rail System Rail Track Operations Storage Yard Operations Gate Operations Road System Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main Infrastructure Components of an Intermodal Rail Terminal Facility
Infrastructures Land Loading/unloading area. Stacking area (storage). Gate access. Potential for expansion. Rail access Spur (small terminal) or a through rail line (larger terminal). Utilities Lighting, drainage, sewage. Operating facilities Buildings (administration, maintenance, warehousing), scale. Security Gate, fence, surveillance. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Three Generations of Intermodal Rail Terminals
Intermodal Equipment Storage 1st Generation Side loaders Chassis or grounded 2nd Generation RTGs Chassis with some grounded (empties) or grounded 3rd Generation Wide span gantry cranes Grounded Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transmodal Rail Transportation and Ownership Fragmentation
Metropolitan Area Rail Terminal CBD Rail Line Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Ownership of North American Intermodal Rail Terminals, 2015

Lifts at Intermodal Rail Terminals, Chicago, 2005

“Triple Crown” Intermodal Network

Airport Terminals Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Geographical Scales of Airport Location
International/Global Network National/Regional Network Local (Airport City) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Hourly Level of Activity at Selected Airports, 2015
Source: The data for each airport is normalized by the total number of seats per hour. A value of 1 is given to the peak hour for each airport and the other daily values are calculated as fractions of this peak. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Hourly Level of Activity at Selected Airports, 2015
Source: Data compiled by TravelCodex. The data for each airport is normalized by the total number of departing seats per hour on a scale from 0 to 1. A value of 1 is given to the peak hour (largest number of departing seats) for each airport and the other hourly values are calculated as fractions of this peak. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Average Hourly Airport Activity Level by Region, 2015
Source: Data compiled by TravelCodex. The data for each airport is normalized by the total number of departing seats per hour on a scale from 0 to 1. A value of 1 is given to the peak hour (largest number of departing seats) for each airport and the other hourly values are calculated as fractions of this peak. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Distribution of Airports by Altitude

World’s 20 Largest Airports (Millions of Passengers)
Source: Airports Council International. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s 20 Largest Freight Airports (in Millions of Metric Tons)
Source: Airports Council International Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010
Source: Airports Council International. Note: Includes airports with an annual passenger volume above 5 million Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010
Source: Airports Council International, Note: Includes airports with an annual cargo volume above 25,000 metric tons Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s Largest Air Passenger and Freight Airports, 2010

World’s Largest Air Passenger and Freight Traffic by Metropolitan Area, 2010
Source: Airports Council International. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Passenger and Freight Traffic at North American Airports, 2010

Passenger and Freight Traffic at European Airports, 2010

Passenger and Freight Traffic at East and Southeast Asian Airports, 2010

Headquarters of Fortune 1,000 Companies and Population of Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States Source: US Census Bureau and Fortune. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Airport Components and Terminal Configurations
Airfield Runway 09 27 Taxiway Terminal Standard Concourses Pier Shuttles Satellite Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Vertical and Lateral Passenger Flows in at Airport Terminal
Ground Transportation Ground Transportation Kiosks* Check-in / Luggage drop 2 Customs* Customs* Security 1 3 Baggage claim Waiting area (lounges, restaurants, shops) 1 Customs* Boarding Deplaning * = Circumstantial 1. Domestic Transit or International Transit 2. International -> Domestic Transit 3. Domestic -> International Transit Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Basic Airport Location Factors
Benefits Costs Suitability High City Center Low High Commuting radius Low High Low Location Ring CDB Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

O’Hare Airport Modernization Program
Source: John Bowen (2007). Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s Largest Airports

Recently Completed Airports by Cost
Country Airport Year Opened Cost (USD Billions) Dubai Al Maktoum International Airport 2010 8.0 China Hong Kong (Chek Lap Kok) 1998 20.1 Japan Osaka (Kansai International) 1994 14.4 Nagoya (Centrair) 2005 7.3 South Korea Seoul (Incheon International) 2001 5.8 Germany Munich (Franz Strauss) 1992 5.3 USA Denver International 1995 4.2 Beijing (Terminal 3) 2008 3.5 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur International 3.2 Thailand Bangkok (Suvarnabhumi) 2006 3.3 Guangzhou (Baiyun) 2004 2.5 Shanghai (Pudong) 1999 1.4 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Airport Hubbing Level High None Share of Passengers Connecting
Hub Network High 50% 25% 0% None Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Airports in Need of Significant Additional Capacity by 2025
Source: FAA, 2007 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

On-Time Arrivals in the United States, 1995-2015 (in %)
Source: Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT). Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Customs Pre-Clearance Airports for the United States

Aerotropolis Developments
Source: adapted from Aerotropolis.com. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Regional Alternative Airport Cross-Border Alternative Airport
Alternative Airports Regional Alternative Airport Metropolitan Area CBD Cross-Border Alternative Airport Main Airport Border Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Terminals CHAPTER 5.

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