1. The Market Revolution Norton Media Library Chapter 9 Eric Foner

2. I. The Marquis de Lafayette

3. II. A New Economy Roads, Canals, and Railroads
Improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets
Toll roads did little to help the economy
Improved water transportation most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce
steamboat
canals
Railroads opened the frontier to settlement and linked markets
Telegraph introduced a communication revolution

4. II. A New Economy (con’t)
The Rise of the West
Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation
People traveled in groups and cooperated with each other to clear land, build houses and barns, and establish communities
“Squatters” set up farms on unoccupied land
Many Americans settled without regard to national boundaries
Florida

5. II. A New Economy (con’t)
The Cotton Kingdom
The market revolution and westward expansion heightened the nation’s sectional divisions
The rise of cotton production came with Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
The cotton gin revolutionized American slavery
The Unfree Westward Movement
Historians estimate that around 1 million slaves were shifted from the older slave states to the Deep South between 1800 and 1860
Slave trading became a well-organized business
slave coffles
Cotton became the empire of liberty’s most important export

6. III. Market Society Commercial Farmers
The Northwest became a region with an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities
Farmers grew crops and raised livestock for sale
The East provided a source of credit and a market
Between 1840 and 1860, America’s output of wheat nearly tripled
steel plow
reaper

7. III. Market Society (con’t)
The Growth of Cities
Cities formed part of the western frontier
Cincinnati
Chicago
The nature of work shifted from “skilled artisan” to “factory worker”

8. III. Market Society (con’t)
The Factory System
Samuel Slater established America’s first factory in 1790
Based on an “outwork” system
The first large-scale American factory was constructed in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts
Lowell
“American system of manufactures” relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products
The South lagged in factory production

9. III. Market Society (con’t)
The Industrial Worker
Americans became more aware of “clock time”
Working for an hourly or daily wage seemed to violate the independence Americans considered an essential element of freedom
New England textile mills relied largely on female and child labor
Westward migration and urban development created an energetic, materialistic and mobile population

10. III. Market Society (con’t)
The transformation of law
The corporate form of business organization became central to the new market economy
Many Americans distrusted corporate charters as a form of government-granted special privilege
The Supreme Court ruled on many aspects of corporations and employer/employee rights

11. IV. The Free Individual The West and Freedom
American freedom had long been linked with the availability of land in the West
Manifest destiny
In national myth and ideology the West would long remain “the last home of the freeborn American”
The West was vital for economic independence, the social condition of freedom

12. IV. The Free Individual (con’t)
The transcendentalists
Ralph Waldo Emerson believed freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives
Individualism
Americans came to understand that no one person nor government had the right to interfere with the realm of the self
Thoreau worried that the market revolution actually stifled individual judgment
Walden
Genuine freedom lay within

13. IV. The Free Individual (con’t)
The Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination
The Reverend Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity for his preaching in upstate New York
The Second Great Awakening thoroughly democratized American Christianity
Proliferation of ministers
Promoted the doctrine of human free will
Revivalist ministers seized the opportunities offered by the market revolution to spread their message

14. V. The Limits of Prosperity
Liberty and Prosperity
Official imagery linked the goddess of liberty ever more closely to emblems of material wealth
Opportunities for the “self-made” man abounded
John Jacob Astor
The market revolution produced a new middle class

15. V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t)
Race and Opportunity
Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities
Barred from schools and other public facilities, free blacks laboriously constructed their own institutional life
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Free blacks were confined to the lowest ranks of the labor market
Free blacks were not allowed access to public land in the West

16. V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t)
The Cult of Domesticity
A new definition of femininity emerged based on values like love, friendship, and mutual obligation
“Virtue” came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women
Women were to find freedom in fulfilling their duties within their “sphere”

17. V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t)
Women and Work
Only low-paying jobs were available to women
domestic servants, factory workers, and seamstresses
Not working outside the home became a badge of respectability for women
Freedom was freedom from labor
Although middle-class women did not work outside the home, they did much work as wife and mother

18. V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t)
The Early Labor Movement
Some felt the market revolution reduced their freedom
Economic swings widened the gap between classes
The first Workingmen’s parties were established in the 1820s
By 1830s strikes had become commonplace

19. V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t)
The “Liberty of Living”
Wage workers evoked “liberty” when calling for improvements in the workplace
Some described wage labor as the very essence of slavery
Economic security formed an essential part of American freedom

20. The Market Revolution: Roads and Canals, 1840 • pg. 313

21. Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830 • pg. 315

22. The Market Revolution: Western Settlement, 1800–1820 • pg. 316

23. The Market Revolution: The Spread of Cotton Cultivation, 1820–1840
The Market Revolution: The Spread of Cotton Cultivation, 1820–1840 • pg. 320
The Market Revolution: The Spread of Cotton Cultivation, 1820–1840

24. Major Cities, 1840 • pg. 323
Major Cities, 1840

25. Cotton Mills, 1820s • pg. 326
Cotton Mills, 1820s

26. Table 9.1 • pg. 317

27. fig09_01.jpg
Pages 306–7: Mill on the Brandywine, an 1830 watercolor of a Pennsylvania paper mill. Because it relied on water power, much early manufacturing took place in the countryside.
Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, Marian S. Carson Collection, LC-USZC

28. fig09_03.jpg
Page 309: An 1810 advertisement for a stagecoach route linking Boston and Sandwich, Massachusetts, reveals the slow speed and high cost of land transportation in the early nineteenth century. It took the entire day (beginning at 5 a.m.), and cost around fifty dollars in today's money to travel the fifty-seven miles between the towns, with stops along the way for breakfast and lunch.
Credit: I.N. Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints, and Photographs, The New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.

29. fig09_07.jpg
Page 311: Rochester, New York, one of many cities that sprang up along the Erie Canal, shown in the foreground. This engraving shows the city in 1853.
Credit: I.N. Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints, and Photographs, The New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.

30. fig09_12.jpg
Page 321: Lagonda Agricultural Works, a color lithograph from 1859 advertising an Ohio manufacturer of agricultural machinery, in this case a horse-drawn reaper.
Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, LC-USZC

31. fig09_18a.jpg
Page 331: The philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, writing in the 1830s, declared that the keynote of the times was "the new importance given to the single person.
Credit: Corbis.

32. fig09_20.jpg
Page 334: Das neue Jerusalem (the New Jerusalem), an early nineteenth-century watercolor, in German, illustrates the narrow gateway to heaven and the fate awaiting sinners in hell. These were common themes of preachers in the Second Great Awakening.
Credit: Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division LC-USZC

33. fig09_21a.jpg
Page 335 (top): The official seal of New Jersey (1776; with the motto "Liberty and Prosperity" added in 1821) reflects the widespread identification of freedom with technological progress and material prosperity.
Credit: J. Franklin Reigart, The United States Album 1844.

34. fig09_21b.jpg
Page 335 (bottom): The official seal of Arkansas (1836) reflects the widespread identification of freedom with technological progress and material prosperity.
Credit: J. Franklin Reigart, The United States Album 1844.

35. fig09_23.jpg
Page 337: Juliann Jane Tillman, a preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, in an 1844 engraving. Many Protestant denominations allowed women to preach, although their presence also aroused much criticism.
Credit: Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division LC-USZC

36. fig09_28.jpg
Page 342: The Shoemaker’s Strike in Lynn—Procession in the Midst of a Snow-Storm, of Eight Hundred Women Operatives, an engraving from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, March 17, The striking women workers carry a banner comparing their condition to that of slaves.
Credit: Reproduced from the Collections of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ

37. Go to website

38. Give Me Liberty! An American History
End chap. 9
W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned
This concludes the Norton Media Library
Slide Set for Chapter 9
Give Me Liberty!
An American History by
Eric Foner