1. l. Chordata
subphyla:
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Vertebrata

2. Patterns in evolution:
Innovation, radiation, competitive contraction

3. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
“Jawless fishes” Lampreys and Hagfish
Lamprey larvae look very much like cephalochordates

4. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
I. Chordata
Vertebrata
“Jawless fishes”
Evolve in late Cambrian, radiate in the Ordovician

5. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes – Jawed Vertebrates
Move from detritivores to predators

6. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes – Jawed Vertebrates
The Devonian was the “Age of Fishes” – a radiation of the first jawed vertebrates, dominated first by the Placoderms and then by Cartilaginous and bony fishes
Arthrodires
Placoderms
Antiarchs
Chondrichthyes (Sharks, rays)
Acanthodians
Teleosts
Ray-finned Fishes
Bony Fish
Lobe-finned Fishes

7. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes – Jawed Vertebrates
The Devonian was the “Age of Fishes” – a radiation of the first jawed vertebrates, dominated first by the Placoderms and then by cartilaginous and bony fishes

8. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes – Jawed Vertebrates
Bony fishes dominate today: lighter skeleton and swim bladder
Ray-finned Fishes
Lobe-finned Fishes

9. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes – Jawed Vertebrates
Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes) comprise 40% of living vertebrate species

10. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
- Tetrapods
350 mya
Devonian
417 mya

11. Radiation of the “stem tetrapods” !!!
Carboniferous
Coastal swamps!
Old friends
a fish

12. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
- Tetrapods
Caecilians
Salamanders
Frogs

14. Radiation of the “stem tetrapods” !!!
Carboniferous
Coastal swamps!
Old friends
a fish

15. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
The Permian
Formation of Pangaea dries the landscape; amniotes dominate like the gymnosperms.

16. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
The amniotic egg was a big advance
- amnion protects the embryo - yolk sac provides nourishment - allantoic sac holds waste produced by embryo
Resist desiccation
Provision embryo
allows for colonization of dry habitats

17. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Amniote ancestor
Hylonomus
Casineria
ANAPSID (turtles?)
DIAPSID
SYNAPSID

18. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Dimetrodon – a Pelycosaur
The Permian
The synapsids radiate and dominate
Mammals
Cynodonts
Gorgonopsids
Therapsids
Pelycosaurs
Dicynodonts
A cynodont

19. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Mammals
- excellent transitional sequences from
cynodont ‘reptiles’
- first fossils with all mammalian
features (jaw, ear, dentition, fur) date
to ~200 mya - Morganucodontids

20. Radiations of Mammals
They diversify during the Mesozoic, but the modern groups radiate and dominate in the Cenozoic

21. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Mammals
- Monotremes: lay eggs, “sweat” milk

22. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Mammals
- Marsupials: live birth to embryo – attaches to nipple to complete development. Mother does not need to abandon the nest/young to feed.
Pygmy possum – Australia
(opossums in Western Hemisphere)

25. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Mammals
- Monotremes: egg laying, “sweat” milk
- Marsupials: live birth to embryo – attaches to nipple to complete development. Mother does not need to abandon the nest/young to feed.
- Placentals: Longer internal development allows for precocial behavior (independence on birth); placental allows for direct, energy-efficient transfer of nutrients between blood systems of mother and offspring.
FOOD
DIGESTION
Nutrients in bloodstream of mother
Milk production in mammary glands
FOOD for OFFSPRING
Nutrients in bloodstream of offspring
Placenta
Each energy transformation is less than 100% efficient

26. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
- Archosaurs
Crocodilians
Pterosaurs
Ornithiscians
Dinosaurs
Sauropods
Theropods
Carnosaurs
Saurischians
Birds

28. Feathers:
- ornamentation
- endothermy (insulation)
- lift (flight)

29. 5. Major Phyla
Deuterostomes:
l. Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomes
Tetrapods
- Amniotes
Birds: (derived traits)
No teeth
Feathers and endothermy
flight feathers
keeled breastbone
Clavicles united into wishbone
Pneumatic skeleton (houses air sacs from respiratory system)
Unidirectional respiration

30. Linnaean Classification
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
Linnaean Classification
Pongidae
Hylobatidae
Hominidae
Apes = primates (grasping hands, binocular vision) with no tails

31. Phylogenetic Classification
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
Phylogenetic Classification
1-4% difference
Hylobatidae
Hominidae

32. IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
How can the small genetic difference account for the dramatic differences that occur between these species?

33. Homo sapiens Chimps, Gorillas Larger Head/body ratio smaller
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
Homo sapiens Chimps, Gorillas
Larger Head/body ratio smaller
Smaller jaw/head ratio larger
Shorter limb/body ratio longer
Less hair more hair
Better learning poorer learning

34. Juvenile Primate Adult Primate Larger Head/body ratio smaller
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
Differences correlate with developmental differences
Juvenile Primate Adult Primate
Larger Head/body ratio smaller
Smaller jaw/head ratio larger
Shorter limb/body ratio longer
Less hair more hair
Better learning poorer learning

35. IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
Big head, short limbs
Small head, long limbs

36. Primate Developmental Trajectory Chimp Human
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
b. Genetic
Developmental genes can have profound effects on the final morphology of the organism.
Primate Developmental Trajectory
Chimp
Human

37. What are some of these genetic differences? The HAR1 RNA molecule.
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
b. Genetic
What are some of these genetic differences?
The HAR1 RNA molecule.
- not a coding RNA; probably regulatory
- nearby genes associated with transcriptional regulation and neurodevelopment are upregulated in humans.
- only 2 changes in sequence between chicks and chimps; 18 between chimps and humans. “HAR” stands for “human accelerated region” – changing more rapidly than drift can explain. why? Selection.
Changes result in a profound change in RNA structure and, presumably, binding efficiency.
Beniaminov A, Westhof E, and Krol A
Distinctive structures between chimpanzee and human in a brain noncoding RNA. RNA 14:
Beniaminov A et al. RNA 2008;14:

38. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
b. Genetic
c. Fossils
Chimpanzee
Human
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis – discovered in Chad in Dates to 6-7 mya. Only a skull. Is it on the human line? Is it bipedal? Probably not (foramen magnum). Primitive traits, as a common ancestor might have.

39. Ardipithecus ramidus: 4. 3-4. 5 mya
Ardipithecus ramidus: mya. Discovered in 1994 by Haile-Sailasse, Suwa, and White, with the most complete fossils were not described until Arboreal, but facultatively bipedal. Grasping toes.

40. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
IV. The Domain Eukarya
E. Fungi
F. Animals
G. Human Evolution
1. Overview:
2. Patterns:
a. Morphological and Behavioral
b. Genetic
c. Fossils
Chimpanzee
Human
Homo sapiens
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus

41. Australopithecus afarensis: 2. 8-3. 9 mya
Australopithecus afarensis: mya. A femur discovered in 1973 by Donald Johansson suggested an upright gait, confirmed by his discovery in 1974 of the ‘Lucy” specimen. Also, the Laetoli prints (found by Mary Leakey) were probably made by A. afarensis, and in 2006, a juvenile A. afaresis was found.

42. Innovation: Bipedality
Radiation of Bipedal Hominids
Competitive contraction?

43. Paranthropus aethiopicus: 2. 5-2
Paranthropus aethiopicus: mya, discovered by Alan Walker and Richard Leakey, the “black skull” is one of the most imposing hominid fossils there is! Aside from the high cheekbones and the sagittal crest, it has similar proportions to A. afarensis and is probably a direct descendant. It probably gave rise to the “robust” lineage of Paranthropus.

44. Paranthropus boisei: 1. 2-2. 6 mya
Paranthropus boisei: mya. Discovered by Mary Leakey in Olduvai Gorge in 1959, it was originally classified as Zinjanthropus and nicknamed “Zinj” or “nutcracker man” because of the large grinding molars.

45. Paranthropus robustus: 1. 2-2. 0 mya
Paranthropus robustus: mya. Discovered in South Africa in 1938 by Robert Broom.

46. Competitive contraction?
Innovation: Bipedality
Radiation of Bipedal Hominids

47. Homo habilis: mya, discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey, in association with stone tools. “Handy man”. Longer arms and smaller brain than other members of the genus.

48. Homo ergaster (H. erectus): 1. 3-1
Homo ergaster (H. erectus): mya, the most complete fossil hominid skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Alan Walker who called it “Turkana Boy”. Some consider this species intermediate to H. habilis and H. heidelbergensis/H. sapiens, leaving H. erectus as a distinct Asian offshoot of the main line to H. sapiens.
However, most paleontologists suggest that H. ergaster is the African ancestor – even a chronospecies or population - of H. erectus, which is ancestral to more recent Homo species.

49. Homo erectus: mya; originating in Africa, but then leaving for Asia (Peking and Java Man). Discovered in Java by Eugene Dubois in Certainly one of the most successful hominid species in history; perhaps lasting as relictual species on islands in Indonesia as:
Homo floresiensis: 94,000-13,000 years, discovered by Mike Mormood on the island of Flores. Shoulder anatomy is reminiscent of H. erectus, but could be an allometeric function of the small size (3 ft).

50. Homo neaderthalensis: 30,000-150,000; first discovered in 1829
Homo neaderthalensis: 30, ,000; first discovered in Descended from H. heidelbergensis.
Homo sapiens idaltu: 160,000 – oldest Homo sapiens fossil – found in Africa in 2003… afar valley.

51. Competitive contraction?
Innovation: Bipedality
Radiation of Bipedal Hominids