1. IG - Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
Achala Dahal

2. Inclusive Governance
System and practices of government that brings marginalized groups into the mainstream of wider framework of the governance policies, programs, systems and practices;
IG is not only about structural change, policy etc. - it is what we as civil servants do, how we act, how we interact with others.

3. Key Components of IG
Accountability:- Being answerable for decisions, actions and behaviour towards people;
Integrity:- Being honest and fair;
Responsiveness:- Responding with empathy, courtesy and pro-activeness to people and their needs;
Gender equality and social inclusion.

4. WHY INCLUSION ?

5. Access to Quality Health Care
Poor “high caste” Boy
Well-off “high caste” Man
No money for fees, medicine or travel
No problem!
Poor Madhesi Woman
Laaj , Female seclusion,
Access to Quality Health Care
Language
Caste discrimination
Poor Janajati
Poverty, gender & caste
Poor Dalit
Cumulative barriers!
Poor Dalit Woman

6. Socialization
Socialization is the result of traditions, societal values and beliefs.
It is the process by which we learn norms, customs, and ideologies of our own society.
We need to reflect on how different cultural, social, religious norms direct and dictate acceptable behaviour and attitude towards people of different genders and social groups.

7. Socialization: Discussion guide
What is the behaviour in families towards women and children especially girl children in Nepal that is different from behaviour towards men and boys? What opportunities are provided to them and what is not allowed? What caste/ethnic differences exist? What are the positive developments in recent years?
Family Level

8. Socialization: Discussion guide
What is the behaviour in communities towards women, poor and people from socially excluded groups? What is their situation and social status? What are the opportunities provided to improve their situation?
Community Level

9. Socialization: Discussion guide
What is the behaviour of service providers towards women, poor and people from socially excluded groups? What kinds of beliefs do they generally hold about this target group? Who has access and control over the resources, services and programmes of the office?
Service Provider Level

10. Conclusion of Socialization Exercise
Our mental conditioning is a result of socialization; through it we learn how as individuals, family, community, service providers, to include or exclude.
Perceptions differ – reflection is necessary by all about inequality. Differences have come from tradition and are a result of socialization
What we see most often becomes “natural”
Prescribed roles do not provide opportunities to learn new skills
These values, attitudes form an unconscious part of our perceptions, which in turn influence our behaviour.

11. Quiz: Status of Women, Poor and the Excluded in Nepal

12. Status of Women, Poor & the Excluded
According to UNHDR 2016 women (aged 25 and over) with at least a secondary education are …… while men are 41.2% a. 24.1% b. 19.5% c. 39.2% According to further analysis of NLSS 2011, 90 percent Newars had access to sanitation while only percent Madhesi Other Backward Castes have this access a. 28% b. 52% c. 70% According to the Census2011, …………% of women own land. a.2% b. 8% c. 19% The percentage of women in the civil service in 2017 was a. 8% b. 23% c. 15%
Objective is
To reflect and understand the impact of socialization
To understand who has received what opportunities, which group is lagging behind, the constraints of these groups and the results because of that.

13. Multiple & Cross-cutting Exclusions
Poverty
-GESI)
Geographic
-GESI)
Multiple & Cross-cutting Exclusions
Social Identity: Ethnicity, Caste,
Regional, Religion
Gender
Exclusion can be economic, geographic or it can be based on gender or on other dimensions of social identity.
Very often individuals and groups are affected by multiple exclusions.
We have been most used to looking at poverty or economic exclusion – but we are now learning that in order to effectively address poverty, we need to further disaggregate “the poor” and recognize additional social dimensions of exclusion or deprivation that affect some sub-sets of the poor.
Similarly, when we look at remote areas and the geographic exclusion that all people in this areas face, we also need to be aware that women and Dalits in these areas face additional barriers.
And when we look at gender based exclusion, we need to keep in mind that while all women face hardships related to patriarchy, the degree of restriction differs in different groups (and may be harshest for some of the most socially privileged women). We also need to recognize that some women also face additional barriers related to their caste, ethnic or regional identity.
Key message: Gender, income, location and other factors of exclusion are interlinked and cannot be treated in isolation;

14. Excluded Groups Economically Excluded
Poor of All
● Caste ● Location
● Ethnicity ● Sex
● Women ● Dalits
● Adibasi Janajatis ● Madhesis
● Muslims
● People with disabilities
● People of geographically remote areas
● Sexual and Gender Minorities
Socially Excluded (specific issues of exclusion)
Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex)

15. Vulnerable Groups
People are “vulnerable” rather than “excluded” when deprivations are a result of a particular situation (in some cases only temporary) that has reduced their ability to withstand shocks rather than their more deeply embedded social identity.
Example:
People living in areas affected by earthquakes, floods or drought
HIV AIDS-affected people
Sex workers and trafficked people
Children, adolescents, older people

16. Gender
it refers to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being women or men. It describes the socially constructed ways of being women and men. It changes according to culture, class, time and place.
Sex
refers to the biological and physiological differences between males and females and also intersex (reproductive differences based on genitalia, chromosomes, hormones) as determined by nature. It is God-given, universal and non-changeable.
Gender Relations
refers to relations of power between women and men which are revealed in practices, ideas, division of labour, differences in roles, resources, and in ascribing different behaviour, expectations, abilities, desires to women and men.
This slide will be shown after the buzz group discussion:
Gender refers to social differences and relations between men and women, which are learned and transformed. The term gender does not replace the term sex, which refers exclusively to biological differences between men and women. That is why there is a need to understand about gender and then how to mainstream it.

17. Gender Analysis
Division of labour, conditions, needs;
Access to and control over resources;
Decision-making power; Authority to access and enjoy development benefits
Social practices which cause discrimination and violence and impact all of the above
Identifies the differences between women and men regarding their:
Notes
1. Division of labour: Gender division of labour consists of a set of practices plus a set of values about these practices. In most countries men are considered responsible for the public domain (as bread-winners they are the primary earners; they are responsible as policy makers from household to state levels etc) while women’s responsibilities are primarily in the private domain. In almost all countries, care-taking activities like cooking, cleaning, managing households, looking after children, the sick and elderly is done by women. But the values/prestige placed on the work done can obscure the relations between people and the significance of what they do. For example, a woman's ' housework ' may be seen as an intrinsic part of her role as a wife, mother or daughter, and not as work which produces a necessary product to be exchanged with the product of her husband or father's labour. This prescribes limits on their participation, productivity and status. Women's gender specific roles impose a heavy work burden but conventional definitions of work render their contributions invisible. Also women biologically need to give child-birth and breast-feed. Due to these gender specific needs and responsibilities, the needs of women and men are different – most societies are structured in such a manner that recognizes and supports the male responsibility of earning a livelihood; but in most societies, women’s responsibilities and needs are not recognized or catered for formally or officially.
2. Access to Resources:   Access - the variation that exists between men and women in utilising resources which can be material like food, capital assets; human –like labour and skills; intangible like information, contacts - and occurs both within the household and in the community. So issues to be considered will be who gets the opportunity for higher studies, information, employment options etc.
3. Control of Resources:   The degree to which each gender has control over the utilisation, the decision making and benefits of any specific resource, within the household, in the community, and in state’s resources. E.g. who decides in families on use of cash income, purchase and sale of property, who amongst the family members will receive what opportunity etc.; who has what kind and level of decision-making authority in organizations and in state governments etc.
4. Access to devt benefits: access to resources such as funds, training, information; who decides about how the development programme should be designed or proceed etc, with whom to partner, what should be the allocation of resources for what type of activities etc.; to development benefits such as jobs/income/education etc
5. Social practices: e.g. gender –biased work, limited access to education and health care to girls, domestic violence, female genital mutilation, dowry, honour-killing etc. practices and social norms which control and constrain the growth of girls and women or support and provide an unusually high share of resources to boys and men to help them attain their social roles.
Gender Analysis maps out the existing social relations in the related field

18. Why the focus on women and girls?
Policies, Institutions, Structures are supportive
Men’s roles, responsibilities, and contributions are recognized
People, social norm, practices reinforce male domination
For women’s empowerment,
Existing power relations caused by gender need to be transformed
For addressing different dimensions of exclusion:
Existing multiple exclusions need to be identified and addressed .
Women and girls remain systematically excluded

19. Practical Gender Needs and Strategic Gender Interests
Needs identified by women and men which arise out of the customary gender division of labour.
Often concerned with inadequate conditions such as water provision, health care, employment.
Reflect a challenge to the customary gender relations and imply change in relationships of power and control between women and men.
Strategic Gender Interests arise from the recognition of women’s subordinate position in relation to men in their society, for example equal social status, equal legal rights.

20. Equity and Equality Gender Equity Gender Equality
Is the process of being fair to women and men.
To ensure fairness, measures must often be available to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from otherwise operating on a “level playing field.”
Is the absence of discrimination on the basis of a person’s sex in authority, opportunities, allocation of resources or benefits and access to services.
It is therefore, the equal valuing by society of both the similarities and differences between men and women, and the varying roles that they play.
Gender, caste, ethnic equality refers to equal opportunities for women and men, advantaged and disadvantaged social and ethnic groups.
Session: Common Understanding on Gender and Social Inclusion: Basic concepts: Gender and Social Inclusion

21. Does it mean equality ?
How Abnormal is Normal.mp4

22. Equality versus Equity

23. EMPOWERMENT AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

24. Underlying Socio-cultural Institutions, Values & Codes of Behavior
Unequal Society
Underlying Socio-cultural Institutions, Values & Codes of Behavior
Assets
& Capabilities
Civil Society, Private Sector &
Public Sector
INSTITUTIONS
Inequitable distributional rules
Weak Influence
Lots of assets
& capabilities
ELITES
MIDDLE
POOR & SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED
Strong Influence
Now to the process of social change.
We start with a hypothetical country named Inequistan which has highly exclusionary institutions.
Beneath everything are the “deep structure”, underlying socio-cultural institutions, values and codes of behavior that I was just talking about as the “tacit or informal” institutions. They have a huge impact on the more formal and visible institutions and how they actually work. It is presented here in green -- like the water that fish swims. Just as fish are totally dependent on the water, but unaware of it, so with people and their deep structure institutions like kinship, religion or even language itself.
Then we have our three elements: the institutions, the people and the assets and capabilities.
The elites have a lot of influence on the institutions so not surprisingly the distributional rules favor them and they get the lion’s share of the countries assets.
Those at the bottom have little influence and they have to make do with a thin trickle of assets and capabilities that come their way.
This is a picture of what we could call a “closed access” or feudal system where only a few groups have access to the main sources of wealth and power in the country.
Few assets or
capabilities
Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

25. Two Dimensions of Empowerment
INSTITUTIONS
Elites
Middle
POOR & SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED
Livelihood Empowerment:
“Enhancement of the assets & capabilities of poor men & women to function ……..
ASSETS
&
CAPABILITES
Increased flow of assets & capabilities
Now we will look at how our development interventions can act to try to give the process of change a bit of a push.
The earlier definition of empowerment was:
..the enhancement of assets and capabilities of diverse individuals and groups to function….. and to engage, influence and hold accountable the institutions that affect them.
From this definition, it is clear that empowerment has two aspects.
The first I call “Livelihoods Empowerment” -- basically increasing the flow of assets and capabilities to the poor and excluded
Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

26. Two Dimensions of Empowerment
Livelihood Empowerment
ASSETS
&
CAPABILITES
INSTITUTIONS
Increased influence
Voice
Empowerment:
Elites
The second aspect I call “Mobilization empowerment” and that is where the excluded are helped to understand their own position and to organize for collective action for change and link with others to increase their influence.
Middle
POOR & SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED
“… and to engage, influence & hold accountable the institutions that affect them.”
Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

27. Social Inclusion Social Inclusion: Middle POOR Assets & Capabilities
“Removal of institutional barriers and enhancement of incentives to increase access of diverse individuals and groups to development.”
Social Inclusion:
Assets
&
Capabilities
More equitable distribution rules
INSTITUTIONS
Elites
But as I said empowerment alone is not enough.
There must also social inclusion which brings changes at the system level. Usually this happens not from below, but from within the power structure – by a small group of “champions” in government or civil society who also want social change and greater equity in their country.
They are form part of the coalition for change between different strata of society that finally forces change.
So now we have come to Equistan! Now the pyramid is flatter. Though there are still poor in Equistan, there are many fewer. They have basic livelihood security and greater social mobility. Equistan has gone from a closed access system where only a few control all the wealth and power, to an open access system where many more people can compete for wealth and power.
Business transactions are now made and access to jobs determined on the basis of transparent rules which are the same for everyone, rather than on the basis of personal networks and insider deals among the elite.
Coalition
for Change
Middle
POOR
Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

28. Analysis Framework for Mainstreaming GESI
Policy Analysis
Policy provisions for addressing the issues of GESI
Institutional Analysis
HR policy, analysis of disaggregated data of staff, responsibilities and competencies of staff, criteria of performance evaluation, work culture, organizational values and practices
Program and Budget
Specifically targeted budget for women, poor & the excluded, Not directed but supportive budget/programs for women, poor, excluded, Neutral or does not recognize or address barriers of women, poor, excluded
Monitoring and Progress System/Report
Space for disaggregated information, indicators to map out the overall benefits and evidence about changes in issues affecting Women, Poor and the Excluded in (access to resources and services, increase in voice and influence, change in the rules of the game)

29. 5 Steps for GESI Analysis and Mainstreaming

30. Operational Framework for Mainstreaming GESI
Policy Analysis
Policy provisions for addressing the issues of GESI
Institutional Analysis
HR policy, analysis of disaggregated data of staff, responsibilities and competencies of staff, criteria of performance evaluation, work culture, organizational values and practices
Program and Budget
Specifically targeted budget for women, poor & the excluded, Not directed but supportive budget/programs for women, poor, excluded, Neutral or does not recognize or address barriers of women, poor, excluded
Monitoring and Progress System/Report
Space for disaggregated information, indicators to map out the overall benefits and evidence about changes in issues affecting Women, Poor and the Excluded in (access to resources and services, increase in voice and influence, change in the rules of the game)

31. POLICY MANDATES AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR GESI

32. Government Mandates on GESI
The new Constitution clearly envisions Nepal as an inclusive state.
GESI Policy/Strategies/Guidelines
Eight major sectoral ministries* have issued and are implementing GESI policies and guidelines and in many cases have established dedicated units with specially trained staff and systems to monitor results.
14th TYP has dedicated chapters on gender equality and women’s empowerment and on social inclusion.
The GoN GESI policies and guidelines adopted in seven sectors provide two key elements that are critical to transforming the promise of an inclusive state into a reality: 1) the demonstration of government commitment to GESI and 2) the practical guidance on what to do to support GESI.
The primary objective of tenth five year plan is to create egalitarian society based upon women's rights by improving GDI (the Gender Development Index), and by abolishing all sorts of discriminations against women for the realization of economic growth and poverty eradication goals of the Tenth Plan.
Local Governance Act, 2074 (2017), Local Governance Service Delivery Act, 2017
GoN’s Institutional Mechanisms for GESI: from NPC, Ministries, Commissions to Ward level, Common GESI Framework of IDPG
* Agriculture, Education, Forest, Health, Local Development, Urban Development, Water Supply And Sanitation, Physical Infrastructure and Transport Management

33. नेपालको संविधान १८. समानताको हक २४. छुवाछूत तथा भेदभाव विरुद्धको हक
(१) सबै नागरिक कानूनको दृष्टिमा समान हुनेछन् । कसैलाई पनि कानूनको समान संरक्षणबाट वञ्चित गरिने छैन ।
(२) सामान्य कानूनको प्रयोगमा उत्पत्ति, धर्म, वर्ण, जात, जाति, लिंग, शारीरिक अवस्था, अपांगता, स्वास्थ्य स्थिति, वैवाहिक स्थिति, गर्भावस्था, आर्थिक अवस्था, भाषा वा क्षेत्र, वैचारिक आस्था वा यस्तै अन्य कुनै आधारमा भेदभाव गरिने छैन ।
(४) समान कामका लागि लैंगिक आधारमा पारिश्रमिक तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षामा कुनै भेदभाव गरिने छैन ।
(५) पैतृक सम्पत्तिमा लैंगिक भेदभाव विना सबै सन्तानको समान हक हुनेछ ।
(१) कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई निजको उत्पत्ति, जात, जाति, समुदाय, पेशा, व्यवसाय वा शारीरिक अवस्थाको आधारमा कुनै पनि निजी तथा सार्वजनिक स्थानमा कुनै प्रकारको छुवाछूत वा भेदभाव गरिने छैन ।
३८. महिलाको हक
४२. सामाजिक न्यायको हक
(१) प्रत्येक महिलालाई लैंगिक भेदभाव विना समान वंशीय हक हुनेछ ।
(२) प्रत्येक महिलालाई सुरक्षित मातृत्व र प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धी हक हुनेछ ।
(३) महिला विरुद्व धार्मिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक परम्परा, प्रचलन वा अन्य कुनै आधारमा शारीरिक, मानसिक, यौनजन्य, मनोवैज्ञानिक वा अन्य कुनै किसिमको हिंसाजन्य कार्य वा शोषण गरिने छैन । त्यस्तो कार्य कानून बमोजिम दण्डनीय हुनेछ र पीडितलाई कानून बमोजिम क्षतिपूर्ति पाउने हक हुनेछ ।
(१) सामाजिक रूपले पछाडि परेका महिला, दलित, आदिवासी, आदिवासी जनजाति, मधेशी, थारू, अल्पसंख्यक, अपांगता भएका व्यक्ति, सीमान्तीकृत, मुस्लिम, पिछडा वर्ग, लैंगिक तथा यौनिक अल्पसंख्यक, युवा, किसान, श्रमिक, उत्पीडित वा पिछडिएको क्षेत्रका नागरिक तथा आर्थिकरूपले विपन्न खस आर्यलाई समावेशी सिद्धान्तका आधारमा राज्यको निकायमा सहभागिताको हक हुनेछ ।

34. International commitments
International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination 1971
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1979
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (ILO 169)
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action – 1995
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2008
Millennium Development Goals
Sustainable Development Goals

35. GoN’s Institutional Mechanisms for GESI
Federal level
Province level
Ministry of Social Development
Municipal level
Rural Municipal level

36. नगर कार्यपालिका, गाउँ कार्यपालिका (कार्य विभाजन) नियमावली, २०७४
नगर कार्यपालिका, गाउँ कार्यपालिका (कार्य विभाजन) नियमावली, २०७४
सामाजिक विकास शाखा
लैंगिक समानता तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा उपशाखा
लैंगिक समानता इकाई
बालबालिका, किशोरकिशोरी तथा युवा इकाई
अपांगता भएका व्यक्ति तथा जेष्ठ नागरिक इकाई
लैंगिक समानता तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा उपशाखा
लैंगिक समानता
महिला हक सम्बन्धी नीति, योजना कार्यान्वयन, समन्वय र नियमन
महिलाको आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण, क्षमता विकास
लैगिक हिंसा निवारणका लागि निरोधात्मक, प्रवद्र्धनात्मक, संरक्षणात्मक उपाय र पुनःस्थापना
लैंगिक उत्तरदायी बजेट
सामाजिक विकास समिति

37. Programme and Budgets
GESI can be mainstreamed through the preparation of Gender Responsive Budget.
Men & women take different roles in the society. Accordingly, men and women response to government spending and the raising of revenue in different ways

38. What are budgets ? Budget is the policy guidelines of government;
The single most important policy document of governments
Reflect the
values and priorities of a country
administrative commitment;
political will;
development thrust.
Revenue /expenditure

39. 2/2/2019
What is GRB?
Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) is a process that entails incorporating a gender perspective at various stages - planning/ policy/ programme formulation, assessment of needs of target groups, allocation of resources, implementation, impact assessment, reprioritization of resources.
Gender Responsive Budget and Gender Mainstreaming are outcomes of the process
A gender responsive budget ensures that the needs and interests of individuals from different social groups (sex, age, race, ethnicity, location) are addressed in expenditure and revenue policies.
Gender responsive budgets are not separate budgets for women or men.
Instead, they Highlights the gaps between policy and resources committed and bring gender awareness into the policies, plans, programmes and budgets of all government agencies.
Gender responsive budgets are not about 50% male: 50% female. They are about budgeting that intentionally directs resources and raises revenue in a way that addresses disadvantage and exclusion. It is Disaggregation of budget in terms of its impact on men and women at the National, regional and local levels

40. Nepal
1st phase – Preparation phase – modification of budget guidelines, setting up of GRB Committee (GRBC) within MOF, development of GRB policy guidelines for sectoral ministries
2nd phase 2007 onwards
(i) Introduction of GRB Classification Framework

41. GRB Committee of Nepal
Budget and Program Division, Ministry of Finance
National Planning Commission
Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare
International Economic Cooperation Coordination Division
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
Financial Comptroller General Office
UN Women

42. Ensure result in whole process
GRB in Planning Cycle
Programme design/ budgeting
Implementation
Monitoring
Evaluation
Feedback
Increase budget allocation for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment
Women’s meaningful participation and adequate attention of their needs and rights in all stage of design phase
Qualitative improvement on women’s life
Ensure result in whole process
and
Increase Financing
for Gender Equality
Capacity enhancement, employment and benefit to women
Results – employment, income generation and benefit to women
Women’s participation, use of sex disaggregated gender sensitive indicators

43. GRB classification criteria
No.
Indicators
Score 1
Women’s participation in formulation and implementation of the program 20 2
Women’s capacity development 3
Women’s share in the benefit 30 4
Promoting employment and income generation for women 5
Qualitative improvement of women's time use or reduced workload 10
Total
100
Directly Gender Responsive (1)
Indirectly Gender Responsive (2)
Neutral (3)
=,>50%
>20% to <50%
<20 %

44. National budget allocation in terms of GRB classification (Rs
National budget allocation in terms of GRB classification (Rs. In million) Source: Ministry of finance, GON.
Fiscal years
Directly responsive
Indirectly responsive
Neutral
Amount %
2007/08
19.09
11.30
56.03
33.16
93.87
55.54
2008/09
32.91
13.94
83.58
35.41
119.53
50.65
2009/010
49.46
17.30
104.16
36.43
132.32
46.15
2010/011
60.61
17.94
112.65
36.30
154.64
45.76
2011/012
73.33
19.05
176.21
45.78
135.35
35.17
2012/013
87.07
21.51
178.63
44.13
139.11
34.36
2013/014
112.50
21.75
227.3
43.94
177.4
34.31
2014/015
135.56
21.93
278.38
45.04
204.15
33.03
2015/016
182.51
22.27
393.16
47.98
243.79
29.75
2016/017
242.30
23.10
508.20
48.45
298.41
28.45
2017/18
508.37
38.65
450.80
34.28
355.99
27.00

45. Thank you