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Daphnis & Chloe
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דפניס וכלואה מאת לונגוס בתרגומו של יורם ברונובסקי
יש בלסבוס קריה יפה וגדולה, מיתלנה שמה, החרושה תלמים ותעלות, אליהן ישתפכו חרש מי הים והיא מעוטרת גשרים העשויים אבנים לבנות, חלקות. דומה, לא עיר היא אלא אי. במרחק מאתיים סטאדיות מאותה קריית-מיתלנה השתרעו שדותיו של אדון אחד מצליח, אחוזתו יפה מאוד. הריה- מלאים חיות לצודם, עמקיה- חיטים לקוצרם, על הגבעות-כרמים, בשדות המרעה- בני הצאן. מסביב יגלגל הים את גליו, שוטף אל תוכיו את חולות החוף הדקים. באלה השדות רעה פעם לאמון, רועה עזים, ומצא תינוק עזוב ואחת מן העזים מיניקתו. היו במקום ההוא סבך זרדים, קיסוס מושזר בהם, ואגודת עשבים רכים- עליהם היה מונח אותו תינוק. לעבר המקום הזה היתה פונה מדי פעם בפעם עז, נעלמת לשעה ארוכה, ניצבת על יד התינוק ואת גדיה שלה שוכחת. מזה זמן-מה הבחין בכך לאמון ובצר לו למראה הגדי השכוח מאמו, החל בולש אחר העז. בצהרי היום הלך בעקבותיה ויראנה ניצבת מעל התינוק, פושקת רגליה למען לא תפגע בו בטלפיה ונותנת לו מחלב עטיניה, שקלח כמו משד אם. הוי, מה השתומם למראה! Jean-Pierre Cortot Daphnis and Chloe. Marmor. Louvre
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illustrations by Raphael Collin, 1890 .
ולאמון קרב וראה ילד בריא ויפה מעוטף בחיתולים, והם נאים יותר מאלה שרגילים לחתל בהם אסופיים: היה שם מעיל ארגמן עם סיכת-זהב וגם שלח קצר שידית שנהב לו. תחילה ביקש הרועה ליטול אותות היכר אלו, בלי לתת דעתו על הילד, אך תקפה עליו הבושה שהנה העז עולה עליו באהבת אנוש- ציפה איפוא לבוא הלילה והביא אל אשתו מירתלה - גם אותות ההיכר, גם הילד, גם העז. משתמהה האשה מאימתי יולדות העזים ילדים סיפר לה הכל: כיצד מצא אותו, כיצד ראה עז מיניקתו וכיצד חשש להפקירו לסכנת מוות. מירתלה הטובה סמכה דעתה אל דעת אישה ושניהם הצפינו את החפצים שנמצאו עם הילד, ואותו עצמו אימצו לבנם ולעז הרשו שתמשיך להיניקו. ולמען ייראה שמו כשם רועים, גמרו אומר לקרוא לו דפניס. שנתיים ימים לאחר מכן אירע מקרה דומה עד מאוד, לדריאס, רועה כבשים, שעה שרעה את עדריו באחו הסמוך. שם היתה מערת נימפות- סלע גדול, חלול בתוכו, מעוגל מבחוץ. פסלי הנימפות חצובים באבן, רגליהן יחפות, ידיהן ואף זרועותיהן מעורטלות, קווצותיהן יורדות על גבן, אזורים על מותניהן, בת שחוק בעיניהן. נדמו כמרקדות. פתח היה למערה באמצע הסלע הגדול, מי מעיין פיכו שם, לפיכך גם הוריק הכר, עשיר בעשבים רכים, רוויי שפע לחות. סביב היו תלויים חליליות וחלילים ומוצבים כדי חלב - מנחות רועים קדומים. Daphnis et Chloe illustrations by Raphael Collin,
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לקודש נימפות זה היתה פונה כבשה אחת, שזה עתה הביאה ולדות, פונה לעתים כה מזומנות עד שהרועה חשש שמא תתעה ותאבד. כיוון שביקש להשיבה למוטב התקין דריאס פלצור מבדי ערבה ירוקים והלך לעבר הסלע, לתופסה שם. אך משקרב, ראה מחזה שונה מזה שציפה לו: כבשה נוהגת מנהג אנוש, חולצת עטינים גואים בחלב לתינוק, וזה מקריבם בתאווה ובצהלה לפיו הטהור, הבהיר, שגם נשמר בצחותו, כי הכבשה ליחכה את פרצוף התינוק בלשונה. היתה זו ילדה, ובסמוך לה היו חיתולים וסימנים: כיפה רקומת זהב, סנדלי פז, אצעדות כתם. מתוך שחשב שהאלים היקרוה לפניו משום שכבשה הדריכה אותו באהבתה ובדאגתה, הרים דריאס את הילדה מן הארץ, הניחה על זרועו, שם באמתחתו את אשר מצא בסמוך לה, נשא תפילה אל הנימפות למען תעזורנה עמו בגידול בת-חסותן- ומשהגיע עת שיבת העדרים אל מכלאותיהם - בא לביתו, סיפר לאשתו את אשר מצאהו, הראה לה את התינוקת וביקשה לראותה כבת לה ולגדלה בסתר. ונאפא-זה היה שם האשה - היתה לילדה כאם ותאהבנה במאוד מאוד כחוששת שמא תעלה עליה הכבשה ברחמיה לאנוש. ולמען ייאמן שאכן בתה היא זו- נתנה לה שם רועים: כלואה. Charles Gleyre ( ) Daphnis Et Chloe Revenant De La Montagne
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שני הילדים הללו גדלו מהר להפליא, ויופיים יתרון להם על פני שאר בני הכפר
שני הילדים הללו גדלו מהר להפליא, ויופיים יתרון להם על פני שאר בני הכפר. בן ט"ו היה הנער והנערה צעירה ממנו בשנתיים, ויחלמו דריאס ולאמון בלילה אחד חלום אחד. ובחלומם: נימפות, מאותה מערה שפיכו בה מי-המעיין, שם מצא דריאס את הילדה, מוסרות את דפניס ואת כלואה לאיזה עלם יפהפה במאוד, ולו שתי כנפיים מאחורי כתפיו וקשת זעירה וחצים שנונים. העלם נגע בשניהם בחץ אחד וציווה אותם לרעות את עדריהם יחדיו. דפניס ירעה עזים. כלואה תרעה כבשים. החלום היה לעוגמת נפשם של שני הרועים. ובכן, גם הם ירעו צאן, גם הם, הילדים הללו שעל פי החיתולים שבהם נמצאו מגוללים, ניתן היה לצפות שגורלם יהיה יפה מזה, ואשר על כן היו מזינים אותם במזון מעולה והיו מלמדים אותם אלפא-ביתא ושאר דברים יפים הנחשבים בעיני הכפר. אך נראה להם כי יש להסכית לאלים שהשגחתם הצילה את הילדים הללו. והם גילו זה לזה את חלומם והעלו קורבן לעלם המכונף ממערת הנימפות - אשר את שמו אין הם יודעים עדיין- ושילחו את הילדים עם עדריהם. אבל קודם לכן לימדום את תורת המרעה. Jean Léon Gerôme , Une Idylle (ou Daphnis et Chloé (1852)
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Dominique Louis Papety (1815-1849) Daphnis Et Chloe
כיצד רועים לפנות שעת הצהריים וכיצד כחלוף חום היום, מתי להוביל לשתות ומתי להושיב לנוח- עת להלקות ועת לצעוק צעקה. הילדים שמחו, כמו שלטון רב נפל בחלקם, והיו אוהבים את עזיהם ואת כבשיהם יותר ממנהג הרועים, שכן חלואה היתה חייבת את ישועתה לכבשה ודפניס זכר כי עז היניקתהו. היתה ראשית אביב והפרחים פרחו כולם: ביערות ובשדות ועל הגבעות. זמזום דבורים, זמר ציפורים, דילוג רחלות! דילגו רחלות על ההרים והדבורים בשדות זמזמו וקול ציפור נשמע מן הסבך. בכל היתה חדווה- ושני הילדים היפים הללו ביקשו לחקות את שראו במראה עיניהם ואת ששמעו באוזניהם. שמעו ציפורים שרות- שרו; ראו רחלות מדלגות - פיזזו; ואת הדבורים חיקו בלקט הפרחים. מהם שקשרו אל בגדיהם, מהם שקלעו לזרים ונשאום מנחה לנימפות. Dominique Louis Papety ( ) Daphnis Et Chloe Hersent, Louis Daphnis et Chloe, Louvre Museum Paris
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Daphnis and Chloe is one of the earliest, and certainly the best known, of the Greek novels. It is traditionally ascribed to Longus, but whether he wrote it or indeed even existed is not known. (The Latin form of his name suggests that the ascription is a muddle of some kind.) It was probably written around C.E. 200, although the earliest surviving manuscript, which was discovered by Paul-Louis Courier in the Laurenziana Library in Florence in 1809, dates from the thirteenth century. Longus was not one of the great classical authors to whom European humanist scholars turned their attention during the Renaissance, and it was not until 1598 that the Greek text was published— more than a century after the texts of Homer and Aristotle, just to mention two, had been printed. Daphnis and Chloe had already, however, been published in both French (1559) and English (1587); its popularity thus goes back almost 500 years now, and there can scarcely have been a time during those five centuries when the book was not available. Daphnis & Chloe
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The story of the novel is a simple one
The story of the novel is a simple one. Both Daphnis and Chloe were exposed as infants by well-born parents who found themselves unable to take care of them, and each was separately rescued and brought up by shepherds, Daphnis by Lamon and Chloe by Dryas. They grow up together, and gradually fall in (very innocent) love. Adventures befall both, including a visit by pirates, and towards the end of the story the two sets of parents are re-found, and Daphnis and Chloe are able to marry. The setting is a purely pastoral one, and the landscape as well as the seasons are a vital component of the charm the novel has never lost. The final scene is in the bridal chamber, when the two lovers enjoy the fruits of married love.
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Longus's prose romance (as it really is, rather than a novel in the now accepted sense of the term) has long attracted illustrators, from the eighteenth-century French artists who emphasized its nascent (and covert) sexuality, to Pierre Bonnard and Marc Chagall in the twentieth century, who were attracted—Chagall in particular—to the pastoral innocence of the story as much as to its possibilities as a naughty drama.
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With Daphnis and Chloe Marc Chagal embarked upon a new cycle of life and work. Together with his new bride, Vava, and literally on their honeymoon, he traveled for the first time in his life to Greece to seek inspiration for this adventurous tale. In Delphi, Athens and on the island of Poros, Marc and Vava fell in love with Greece and the story of Daphnis and Chloe . At that time and in a series of later visits to Greece, Chagall created a series of drawings and gouaches which formed the basis for the 42 color lithographs which comprise the Daphnis and Chloe suite. As published by Teriade in 1961 in the deluxe edition of only 60 they are universally accepted as the artist's most important original prints (it should be noted that an unsigned book state of 250 also exists). These remarkable works were engraved by Marc Chagall under the watchful eye of the master printer Charles Sorlier and printed on the presses of the incomparable Mourlot workshop in Paris between 1957 and 1960.
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Daphnis and Chloe :Frontispiece
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Lamon Discovers Daphnis
A goatherd, Lamon, worked on an estate about twenty miles from Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. One day he finds a male baby being suckled by one of his goats. The child has with it tokens of noble birth, and Lamon is at first tempted to take the tokens and leave the child, but finally brings the goat, child and tokens home to his wife Myrtale. They decide to rear the child (with the help of the goat) and name him Daphnis Lamon Discovers Daphnis
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Two years later a shepherd called Dryas finds a female baby in a beautiful cave sacred to the Nymphs, being suckled by one of his ewes. This child also has tokens of noble birth. Dryas prays to the Nymphs to help the child, and then takes the child and its tokens home to his wife Nape and they too decide to raise the foundling, giving her the pastoral name Chloe Dryas Discovers Chloe
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Lamon’s and Dryas’s Dream
When Daphnis was fifteen both Lamon and Dryas had the same dream: that the Nymphs of the cave where Chloe had been found were handing over Daphnis and Chloe to a young boy adorned with wings with a small bow and arrows, who touched both of them with a single arrow, and told Daphnis to look after a herd of goats, and Chloe to watch a flock of sheep. The parents were upset, because they thought that their adopted children were destined for greater things. But, after sacrificing to the winged boy (whose name they were ignorant of) they taught Daphnis and Chloe the basics of sheep and goat herding and gave them flocks to attend. Lamon’s and Dryas’s Dream
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The Wolf Pit One day, Daphnis was herding and fell into a pit.
He would have died, but a goat broke his fall, and Chloe and another cowherd named Dorcon rescued him. The Wolf Pit
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Daphnis and Chloe beside the Fountain
After this, Chloe took Daphnis to the cave to bathe him and began to fall in love with him, though she had no knowledge of love Daphnis and Chloe beside the Fountain
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Springtime in the Meadow
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Chloe’s Judgment
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Dorcon had fallen in love with Chloe and was trying to win her affections with gifts and competitions. Daphnis and Dorcon had a beauty contest where the prize was a kiss from Chloe. Daphnis won and after this he was in love with Chloe. Like Chloe, he did not know what this meant. Chloe’s Kiss
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Dorcon was still in love with Chloe, and went to Dryas to ask for her
hand in marriage, he was denied this. He then dressed up like a wolf and planned to attack Chloe. He was attacked by dogs and therefore stopped. Chloe and Daphnis thought that he was playing a game and helped him mend his wounds. Dacron’s Strategy
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Daphnis and Chloe fell more in love throughout the end of spring and summer.
Noon,in Summer
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The Little Swallow In autumn, pirates from Pyrrha came
and captured Daphnis. Chloe ran to Dorcon, who had been beaten by the pirates, for help. He gave her pipes to play that controlled his herd. The cows jumped into the sea creating a wave that overturned the pirate ship. Daphnis then took hold of two cows and rode them into land. Dorcon had died, so the two went to his funeral and then bathed each other. The Little Swallow
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Death of Dorcon
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The Nymph’s Cave
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The town held a festival honoring Dionysus and people came from neighboring fields. Some of the women complimented Daphnis and some of the men complimented Chloe, making them both jealous. The Wine Harvest
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When the festival ended they went back to the pasture and met an old man named Philetas.
Philetas told them that he had seen a strange boy, who was actually Eros, in his garden. Eros told Philetas that Daphnis and Chloe were destined to love each other. The two then discovered what they had been feeling for each other was love. From Philetas’ teachings, they decided that the only cure for their ailments was “kissing and embracing and lying naked on the ground “.They did all of these. Philetas’s Lesson
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Meanwhile, some young men from Methymna were sailing and docked their boats at the shore by Daphnis’ pasture. His goats caused the boat to become untied and it floated out to sea.The young men, enraged, captured Daphnis and beat him .Lamon and Dryas tried to protect him and asked that they be given a chance to go before a judge to decide the matter . Philetas, who was appointed judge, found in favor of Daphnis. After the young man returned to their homeland they convinced their city to wage war on Mytilene. . The Young Methynmeans
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Daphnis’ Dream and the Nymphs
The soldiers captured Chloe. That night, they had a terrible experience at sea and saw it as a grudge held by Pan, who would not let Chloe be taken away. Pan then appeared and demanded that Chloe be given back. The soldiers obeyed and Daphnis and Chloe praised Pan and held a celebration for him. Daphnis swore by Pan that he would always be with Chloe and Chloe swore the same for Daphnis before the Nymphs. Chloe also made Daphnis swear by the herds that as long as she was faithful, he would be too. Daphnis’ Dream and the Nymphs
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Philetas’s Orchard
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Chloe is Carried Off by the Methynmeans
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CaptainBryaxis’s Dream
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The Bird Chase
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Sacrifices Made to the Nymphs
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Pan’s Banquet
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The Syrinx Fable
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Winter was now here and Daphnis and Chloe missed each other desperately . Daphnis attempted to see Chloe. His first plan failed, but he was discovered by Dryas and invited to stay the night and sacrifice to Dionysus the next day. This made him happy because he was able to spend time with Chloe Winter
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The Meal at Dryas’s House
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When spring came, Daphnis and Chloe went back to lying under the oak tree, kissing and embracing. Daphnis requested more, though neither knew what. A woman named Lycaecion wished to have Daphnis as a lover and tricked him into thinking that the Nymphs wished her to be his teacher in making love. She then seduced him. Daphnis, while eager to teach Chloe what he had learned, was hesitant. They continued on in the same fashion as they had before. . Daphnis and Lycenion
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Spring
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The Dead Dolphin and the 3000 Drachmas
Chloe had many suitors and this scared Daphnis, so he decided to ask for Chloe’s hand in marriage, using 3,000 drachmas he had found on the beach after a dream sent by the Nymphs. Dryas and Nape agreed. Lamon told him that they should wait until the grape harvest was over for the marriage. The Dead Dolphin and the 3000 Drachmas
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Lamon was told that his master was coming to survey the damage of the war and so he did everything he could to make his garden beautiful in order to impress the master. Daphnis was very nervous to meet the master and Chloe was nervous for him. It was the master who ultimately decided whether or not the two could marry. . The Trampled Flowers
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The Summer Season
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Echo
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Another cowherd named Lampis had also asked for Chloe’s hand
Another cowherd named Lampis had also asked for Chloe’s hand. He decided to make Daphnis and Lamon look bad in front of the master in order to better his chances with Chloe. So one night, he destroyed Lamon’s garden.. When the young master, Astylus, arrived, Lamon and Myrtale pleaded with him to protect them from the older master. Astylus agreed and went to hunt. Astylus’ hanger-on, Gnathon, stayed behind for he thought Daphnis was very beautiful. Daphnis resisted his advances and Gnathon decided to leave him alone. Daphnis and Gnathon
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Orchard The older master arrived and was very impressed, especially with Daphnis and his herd .Daphnis now felt confident to ask about marrying Chloe.Gnathon was again inflamed with passion for Daphnis. He went to Astylus, revealed his problem and said that he would kill himself if he did not have Daphnis. Astylus agreed to take on Daphnis as a slave and a boyfriend for Gnathon. When Daphnis heard of this, he was horrified. Lamon then decided to tell the truth of Daphnis’ origin. ....
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Arrival of Dionysophanes
Meanwhile, Astylus asked his father to bring Daphnis back to the city with them. Dionysophanes (the older master) agreed. Lamon then told the master the truth and showed the tokens that Daphnis had been found with as proof. When Dionysophanes and Cleariste (his wife) saw the tokens, they realized that Daphnis was really their son whom they had left to be exposed. Arrival of Dionysophanes
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Astylus went and told Daphnis the good news and Dionysophanes promised him a life of nobility. Meanwhile, Lampis had kidnapped Chloe, thinking that Daphnis was not a viable option for her husband anymore. Daphnis was upset at this and Gnathon thought this a good time to help him in order to have Daphnis like him. So Gnathon went and brought her back to Daphnis. Chloe
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Chloe is Dressed and Braided by Cleariste
Dryas told the truth about how Chloe was also found and it was decided that the two should be married. There was a celebration and then they all went to the city to find Chloe’s parents so that Daphnis and Chloe could be married. Once they arrived, Dionysophanes presented Chloe’s tokens to the town and asked whom they belonged to. A man named Megacles came forward . The next day, they all traveled back to the country for the marriage.The two were married and lived out a pastoral life. Chloe is Dressed and Braided by Cleariste
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The Temple and History of Bacchus
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Megacles Recognizes his Daughter during the Feast
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Wedding Feast in the Nymph’s Grotto
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The Wedding Night
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מקורות : עריכה:אסף פלר שלום לך, אני מזמין אותך לבקר באתר המצגות שלי ולהנות ממצגות נוספות להתראות, אסף פלר
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