1. Skeletal System

2. Vocabulary Ax-: axis -blast: bud Carp-: wrist -clast: break Fov-: pit
Glen-: joint socket
Intra-: inside
Meat-: passage
Odont-: tooth
Oste-: bone
Poie-: produce, make

3. Skeletal System Bones are made of osseous tissue Functions:
Protect and support
Body movement
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Storage of inorganic salts (K, Ca, P)

4. Structure
206 bones
2 divisions

5. Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial: Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage, sternum
Appendicular: limbs, pectoral girdle (shoulders), pelvic girdle (hips)
Meatus: a natural body opening or canal
Process: a projecting part
Foramen: a natural opening through which nerves and blood vessels pass through
Articulation: a place of anatomical union, usually movable, between 2 or more bones
Fossae: a cavity or depression in a bone

6. Axial Skeleton Cranium (skull): encloses and protects the brain
Supraorbital foramen: passage way for blood vessels and nerves
Foramen magnum: the large opening where the spinal cord attaches to the brain
External acoustic meatus: leads to the inner ear
Mandibular fossae: articulations on the mandible
Mastoid process: place where neck muscles attach
Styloid process: place where the tongue attaches
Zygomatic process: forms the cheek

7. label the skull

8. Axial Skeleton Vertebral column Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)
Axis #1 (side to side)
Atlas #2 (up and down)
Thoracic (12)
Where ribs attach
Lumbar (5)
Support most body weight
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: (tailbone) 4 fused vertebrae
Intervertebral disks: shock absorbers
Vertebral foramen: space where spinal cord goes through

10. Axial Skeleton Thoracic cage (12 ribs) True ribs (7) attach to sternum
False ribs (3) share attachment site
Floating ribs (2) do not attach to sternum, only vertebrae
Sternum
Manubrium: upper section
Body: middle section
Xiphoid process: lower projection

12. Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle: connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Scapula: shoulder blades
Clavicles: collar bones
Humerus: upper arm bone
Radius: larger bone in the forearm
Ulna: smaller bone in the forearm
Carpals: 8 wrist bones
Metacarpals: 5 palm bones
Phalanges: 14 finger bones

14. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic girdle: connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Pelvis: includes the sacrum, coccyx and pelvic girdle
Ilium: largest hip bone
Ischium: lower hip bone
Pubis: anterior hip bone
Femur: thigh bone
Patella: knee cap
Tibia: larger lower leg bone
Fibula: small lower leg bone
Tarsals: 7 ankle bones
Metatarsals: 5 foot bones
Calcaneus: heel bone
Phalanges: 14 toe bones

15. Appendicular Skeleton

17. Long bones

18. Parts of a long bone Spongy bone: (cancellous) bone with spaces in it
Compact bone: (cortical) bone with no spaces in it
Periosteum: a covering of dense connective tissue around bone
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage around the end of the epiphysis
Collagen: the protein that gives bones their strength

21. Bone Growth and Development
Matrix: where the bones cells live
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Osteoblasts: cells that will differentiate to form bone cells
Osteoclasts: cells that dissolve bone
Ossification: the formation of bone

22. Bone growth and formation
All bones start as hyaline cartilage and then turn to bone later
Bones are constantly being broken down by osteoclasts and formed by osteoblasts

23. Bone growth and formation
Factors that influence bone growth and repair
Nutrition: Vitamin D is needed so that bones have enough calcium
Hormones: growth hormones stimulate osteoblasts and sex hormones stimulates ossification
Physical exercise: exercise stimulates osteoblast formation

24. Bone Function Storage of inorganic salts:
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) and Carbonate (CO₃)
nerve impulses, blood clotting, muscle movement and other metabolic processes

25. Hematopoiesis
Medullary cavities: hollow chambers filled with bone marrow
Red Bone marrow: where erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are made
Yellow bone marrow: where fat is stored
Hematopoiesis: red blood cell formation

27. Broken bones Bone fracture type 1:
Greenstick: incomplete fracture, break on the surface
Fissured: incomplete longitudinal break
Comminuted: complete fracture with bone fragmentation

29. Bone Fractures Bone fractures Type 2
Transverse: complete fracture that is across the bone
Oblique: complete fracture that is at a tilted angle
Spiral: complete fracture that is caused by twisting a bone

31. Joints and Tendons Ligaments: attach bone to bone
Tendons: attach muscle to bone

32. Types of Joints Synarthrotic: immovable (sutures)
Amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable (vertebrae)
Diathrotic: movable (knee)
Synovial fluid: fluid around the joints that helps to lubricate them
Synovial Joints
Ball and socket (shoulder)
Hinge (elbow, knee)
Pivot (ulna and radius)
Saddle (wrist, ankle)

33. Problems in Joints
Sprains: overstretching or tearing of connective tissue
Bursitis: over use of a joint causing the bursa to become inflamed
Arthritis: joint inflammation
Causes: bacterial infection
Immune system disorders
Degeneration of cartilage with age