1. Journal – 9/21/12 What is a mineral? Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Journal – 9/21/12
What do we think of when we hear the word minerals?
What is a mineral?

2. Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Journal – 9/26/12
In the first step of the scientific method we take in info using the 5 senses. What is this called?
In the 2nd step of the scientific method we ask a question. In the third step we propose the answer to that question (that can be tested) which is known as a ___________.

3. Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Journal – 9/26/12
Q: What will happen if I don’t study for the science test tomorrow? H:
Q: What will happen if I give my tomato plants different kinds of fertilizer (miracle grow, pig manure, cow manure).

4. Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Journal – 10/2/12
What are the 4 characteristics that all minerals share?
What do we mean when we say that minerals have a crystal structure?
Why is identifying a mineral based on its streak more reliable than using its color?
What is luster?

5. Journal – 10/3/12 Chapter 3 What are the two main groups of minerals?
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Journal – 10/3/12
What are the two main groups of minerals?
How do we determine what minerals go into which group?

6. Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Journal – 10/4/12
A mineral of any given hardness will scratch a mineral that is _____________ than it is.
What is a crystal structure?
Silicate minerals always contain what two elements?
There are 92 naturally occuring _________.

7. Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Minerals of the Earth’s Crust
Table of Contents
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

8. Objectives Chapter 3 Describe the structure of minerals.
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Objectives
Describe the structure of minerals.
Describe the two major groups of minerals.
List the four characteristics that all minerals have.
Identify common silicate and non-silicate minerals.

9. Mineral Structure Chapter 3 A mineral: is formed in nature
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mineral Structure
A mineral:
is formed in nature
is inorganic
is solid
has a crystal structure
You can tell whether an object is a mineral by asking four questions.

10. Mineral Structure, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mineral Structure, continued
Is it a nonliving material?
Is it a solid?
Does it have a crystalline structure?
Is it formed in nature?

11. Mineral Structure, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mineral Structure, continued
To understand what a crystalline structure is, you need to know a little about the elements that make up a mineral.
Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
92 naturally occurring elements

12. Elements Chapter 3 Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

13. Mineral Structure, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mineral Structure, continued
Elements and Compounds Minerals may be either elements or compounds.
A compound is a substance made of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

14. + = + Chapter 3 Aspirin 4 Oxygen atoms 9 Carbon atoms 8 Hydrogen atoms
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
4 Oxygen atoms
9 Carbon atoms
8 Hydrogen atoms
Aspirin + = +

15. Compounds Chapter 3 Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

16. Mineral Structure, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mineral Structure, continued
A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a native element or pure substance.
Gold and silver are examples of native elements.

17. Mineral Structure, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mineral Structure, continued
Solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms that is present through-out the mineral are called crystals.
A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms within the crystal.
The arrangement of atoms in turn is determined by the kinds of atoms that make up the mineral.

18. Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Crystals

19. + + = Two Groups of Minerals Metals Silicate Mineral Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Two Groups of Minerals
Minerals divided based on their chemical composition.
Silicate minerals contain a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals.
Examples are quartz, feldspar, and mica. + + =
Metals
Silicate Mineral

20. Quartz Chapter 3 Chemical Formula: SiO2 2nd most abundant mineral in
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Quartz
Chemical Formula: SiO2
2nd most abundant mineral in
Earth’s crust.
Very resistant to weathering
Sand is mostly quartz
Found igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks.
Used for: sandpaper (Abrassive),
building materials, porcelin
Amethyst (purple quartz)
Clear Quartz
Rose Quartz

21. Feldspar Chapter 3 Chemical Formula: varies Most abundant mineral in
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Feldspar
Chemical Formula: varies
Most abundant mineral in
Earth’s crust.
Found in igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks
Common component of granite
Orthoclase Feldspar
Plagioclase Feldspar

22. Mica Chapter 3 Chemical Formula: varies
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Mica
Chemical Formula: varies
Can flake off into very thin sheets
Found in igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks.
Used for: electrical components,
ground mica is used for filling
seams in drywall.

23. Two Groups of Minerals, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
Two Groups of Minerals, continued
Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. There are six main classes of nonsilicate minerals.
Native Elements
Carbonates
Halides
Oxides
Sulfates
Sulfides

24. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Bellringer
Look at the mineral samples provided by your teacher. List as many phrases as you can to describe each sample. Organize these phrases into categories to determine whether or not each sample is a different mineral.
Record your response in your science journal.

25. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Objectives
Identify seven ways to determine the identity of minerals.
Explain special properties of minerals.

26. Identifying Minerals Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Identifying Minerals
You can determine the identity of a mineral by noting different properties.
Color Minerals display a wide variety of colors, and often the same mineral can be found in many different colors.
The color can be affected by impurities in the mineral.

27. Identifying Minerals, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Identifying Minerals, continued
The way a mineral reflects light is called luster. There are three types of mineral luster:
Metallic
Submetallic
Nonmetallic

28. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Metallic Luster

29. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Submetallic Luster

30. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
nonmetallic Luster

31. Identifying Minerals, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Identifying Minerals, continued
The color of a mineral in powdered form is called the mineral’s streak.
A mineral’s streak can be found by running the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate.
The color of a mineral’s streak is not always the same as the color of the mineral sample.

32. Streak Streak Plate Test Chapter 3 Fool’s Gold Iron Pyrite
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Streak Plate Test
Streak
Fool’s Gold
Iron Pyrite

33. Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak
Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

34. Cleavage and Fracture Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Cleavage and Fracture
Different types of minerals break in different ways.
Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces.
Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.

35. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Hardness
A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called hardness.
To determine the hardness of minerals, scientists use Mohs hardness scale, shown on the next slide.

36. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals

37. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Density
Density is the measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. Density is a ratio of an object’s mass to its volume.
Different minerals have different densities.

38. Special Properties Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Special Properties
Some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals.
The properties shown on the next slide can help you quickly identify some minerals.

39. Chapter 3
Section 2 Identifying Minerals

40. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Bellringer
Look at a mineral resource map of your state and locate the mines closest to where you live. Which mineral commodities are mined there?
Write your response in your science journal.

41. Objectives Chapter 3 Describe the environments in which minerals form.
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Objectives
Describe the environments in which minerals form.
Explain the classification of minerals as an ore.
Compare the two types of mining.
Describe two ways to reduce the effects of mining.
Describe different uses for metallic and nonmetallic minerals.

42. Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Form in a variety of environments in the Earth’s crust.
Different physical and chemical conditions
These determine the minerals’ properties
Evaporating Salt Water When a body of salt water dries up, minerals such as gypsum and halite are left behind.

43. Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
When changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place.
The crystal structure of minerals in a rock break down under changing heat and pressure. New minerals begin recrystalization.

44. Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Limestones Surface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas, where they crystallized on the bottom.

45. Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Hot-Water Solutions Groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma, and then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution.
Dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out of the hot fluid to form new minerals.

46. Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Pegmatites As magma rises upward from the Earth’s crust, it can form teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatites.
Many gemstones form in pegmatites.

47. Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Formation of Minerals – pgs. 74 & 75
Plutons As magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools slowly, forming millions of mineral crystals.
Eventually, the entire magma body solidifies, forming a pluton.

48. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Mining
Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined to extract the valuable elements they contain.
Geologists use the term ore to describe a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit.
Rocks and minerals are removed from the ground by one of two methods.

49. Mining, continued Chapter 3
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Mining, continued
Surface Mining When mineral deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth, surface-mining methods are used to remove the minerals.
Types of surface mines include open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries.

50. Mining, continued Chapter 3
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Mining, continued
Subsurface Mining methods are used when mineral deposits are located too deep within the Earth to be surface mined.
Subsurface mining often requires that passageways be dug into the Earth to reach the ore.

51. Subsurface mining Chapter 3
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Subsurface mining

52. Responsible Mining Chapter 3
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Responsible Mining
Mining gives us the minerals we need, but it may also create problems.
Mining can destroy or disturb the habitats of plants and animals.
Waste products from a mine may get into water sources, which pollutes surface water and ground water.
Acid mine drainage

53. Responsible Mining, continued
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
Responsible Mining, continued
One way to reduce the potential harmful effects of mining is to return the land to its original state after the mining is completed.
Reclamation is the process by which land used for mining is returned to its original state.
Reducing our need for minerals by recycling is another way to reduce the effects of mining.

54. The Use of Minerals Chapter 3
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
The Use of Minerals
Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. The usually have metallic or submetallic luster. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft, automobiles, and communications and electronic equipment.
Examples of useful metallic minerals include gold, silver, and copper.

55. The Use of Minerals, continued
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
The Use of Minerals, continued
Nonmetallic Minerals are good insulators of electricity. They have uses that range from glass-making to producing computer chips.
Calcite, one nonmetallic mineral, is a major component of concrete, which is used in building roads, buildings, bridges and other structures.
Calcite

56. The Use of Minerals, continued
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
Chapter 3
The Use of Minerals, continued
Gemstones are highly valued for their beauty and rarity, than for their usefulness.
Important gemstones include diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald, aquamarine, topaz, and tourmaline.

57. End of Chapter 3