1. The International Heliophysical Year and Universal Processes In Space Science Acknowledgments: Crooker, Davila, Fuller-Rowell, Gopalswamy, Onsager, Siscoe, SOHO LASCO, Thompson, Working Group Leads Review of North American Science Plans Universal Processes and IHY Science Howard J. Singer NOAA Space Environment Center International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Toulouse, France 22 July 2005

2. Advancing our understanding of the Heliophysical processes that govern the Suns influence on Earth and the heliosphere. Continuing a tradition of International collaboration on the 50th Anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957. Demonstrating the beauty, relevance, and significance of space and Earth science to the world. THE INTERNATIONAL HELIOPHYSICAL YEAR (IHY): 2007

3. North American IHY Science Plans Four Working Groups + International Coordination (with current leads): Cosmic Rays/Outer Heliosphere: Gary Zank, Eberhard Moebius Atmospheres/Ionospheres/Magnetospheres (AIM): Tim Fuller-Rowell, Roger Smith, Howard Singer, Gordon Shepherd Climate and Earth Atmosphere: Mark Baldwin, Drew Shindell, Fangqun Yu, Victor Fomichev Solar/Inner heliosphere: Joan Burkepile, Leonard Strachan, Nancy Crooker International Coordination: Nat Gopalswamy and Dave Webb US planning workshop held at Sac Peak Observatory April 20-22, 2004 North American IHY Planning Workshop Boulder, CO February 16-18, 2005

4. Cosmic Rays/Outer Heliosphere GOALS: Understand Our Home System from the Sun to its Boundary with the Interstellar Medium Utilize Observations Establish connections with the broader scientific community Improve & Consolidate Global Heliospheric Models

5. Atmospheres/Ionospheres/Magnetospheres (AIM) Science Thrusts with Examples Comparative A-I-M Systems –A: Comparative studies of auroral dynamics on Earth, Jupiter and Saturn –B: Comparative studies of storms and substorms at different planets –C: Comparative studies of the radiation environment at different planets End-to-end Solar-Terrestrial System Studies: Modeling and Observations –A: Storm time response of the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere-thermosphere –B: Real-time global ionosphere –C: Sources of variability of the geomagnetically undisturbed atmosphere and ionosphere –D: Small-scale structures

6. COSMIC (GPS occultations) USA Canada Europe (EUREF) JPL Progress in IHY project: Global Ionospheric Variability South America GPS Coverage

7. COSMIC (GPS occultations) USA Canada Europe (EUREF) JPL Progress in IHY project: Global Ionospheric Variability South America GPS Coverage Remarks by Dr. Hugh Odishaw, Executive Director, US National Committee for IGY, before the National Press Club, Dec. 4, 1958) So the fundamental purpose of the IGY was the acquisition of synoptic data---data taken simultaneously on and about the earth in order to get a planetary view of weather, geomagnetism, the ionosphere, the aurora, and the like.

8. Climate and Earth Atmosphere Issues of importance to climate community require climatological (long time scale) data analysis rather than focus on individual events But, there are also a number of sun/atmosphere studies that can be carried out or initiated in the time frame of IHY2007, all with attention to coordination with ongoing (e.g., CAWSES, SPARC) programs and prior (e.g., EPIC, PSMOS) programs Example campaigns include: Response of atmosphere to impulsive and periodic solar events (e.g., Solar Particle Events…) Response to the 27-day solar rotation –inferences for longer term variability Modeling of atmospheric response to solar variability, including model intercomparison UV effects on the biosphere (including humans). …

9. Solar/Inner Heliosphere. Processes Phenomena reconnection Particle acceleration shocks & waves dynamo turbulence/convection multi-scale structures energy storage & release irradiance CMEs & flares solar windsolar cycle granulation radiative transfer cosmic ray modulation X X X X X X X X XX XX X X X X X X X XX X X: established X: speculative Emphasis on comparative universal processes and connective Solar-System-spanning phenomena Planned Activities include: Observing campaigns, modeling, e.g. Study the variation of solar minimum irradiance (cycle to cycle) Relationship of cosmic ray modulation to CMEs

10. The Science of Universal Processes Earths aurora Aurora at Saturns poles Jupiters aurora imaged with HST Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments Planetary Aurorae

11. Stellar Mass Ejections The Science of Universal Processes Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments

12. Sun-to-Stars X-ray Emission The Science of Universal Processes Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments X ray bright points Solar active regions G,K & M dwarfs T Tauri stars Convective envelope Pevtsov et al., 2003

13. Universal Processes: A Theme for IHY GOAL: Gain knowledge about the physical processes and phenomena through sharing cross-disciplinary views of the same process under different circumstances OUTCOMES: Workshops based on universal physical processes rather than phenomena; books on physical processes that include numerous heliospheric phenomena; legacies Phenomena Geomagnetic Storm Campaign Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Campaign Universal Physical Processes Reconnection Particle Acceleration Plasma Convection Wave processes

14. IHY: Advancing our Interdisciplinary Approach to Science and the Study of Universal Processes I would suggest that science is already moving to enlarge its influence in three general ways: in the inter–disciplinary area, in the international area, and in the inter-cultural area. For science is the most powerful means we have for the unification of knowledge, and a main obligation of its future must be to deal with problems which cut across boundaries, whether boundaries between the sciences, boundaries between nations, or boundaries between mans scientific and his humane concern. -- John F. Kennedy A Century of Scientific Conquest by John F. Kennedy, in The Scientific Endeavor, Centennial Celebration of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1963.