1. Personal Protective Equipment

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

3. OBJECTIVES Highlight OSHA PPE Standards (Subpart I)
Occupational Noise Exposure
Respiratory Protection
Written PPE Program Elements
PPE Selection and Limitations
Training Tips
Complete a Hazard Assessment

4. What percentage of disabling work-related injuries will involve the head, eyes, hands or feet?

5. Why Must Employers Provide PPE?
OSHA requires certain PPE based on the hazards employees are exposed to.
OSHA also requires training for employees in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of PPE.

6. Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards
OSHA regulations require employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, work procedures, and hazardous substances that can cause injury.
Employers must institute all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards before using PPE to protect against hazards.

7. Engineering Controls If . . . Then . . .
You can physically change the machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard,
Then . . .
You have eliminated the hazard with an engineering control.

8. Engineering Controls Examples… Initial design specifications
Ventilation
Substitution with less harmful material
Enclosure of process
Isolation of process
Change of process

9. Work Practice Controls
If . . .
You can remove your employees from exposure to the potential hazard by changing the way they do their jobs,
Then . . .
You have eliminated the hazard with a work practice control.

10. Work Practice Controls
Examples . . .
Job Rotation of Workers
Wet Methods
Personal Hygiene
Housekeeping and Maintenance

11. Establishing a PPE Program
A written PPE program sets out procedures for selecting, providing and using PPE as part of an employer’s routine operation.
The first essential step is to assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of PPE.
Once the proper PPE has been selected, the employer must provide training to each employee who is required to use PPE

12. PPE Assessment (d)
Assess the nature and degree of the workplace hazards.
Select PPE and require use.
Communicate selection decisions.
PPE should properly fit employees.

13. Written Certification
Documentation must include:
workplace identification
person conducting the certification
date(s) of hazard assessment
document shall be identified as a certificate of hazard assessment

14. Training Apply to all employees that wear PPE
Conditions when PPE is required
Selection criteria
How to properly wear PPE
Limitations of PPE
Proper care, maintenance and useful life of PPE
Demonstrate that they understand the training

15. Training – Cont’d Re-train when changes in workplace occurs
Re-train when there are changes in the type of PPE
Re-train when the employee has inadequacies in knowledge and use of PPE
Certification of training:
name of employee
date of training

16. Examples of PPE Eye - safety glasses, goggles Face - face shields
Head - hard hats
Feet - safety shoes
Hands and arms – gloves
Bodies – vests
Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs

17. True or False?
Wearing PPE, even if improperly is better than not wearing it at all.
False- It may cause additional hazards (loose fit)

18. Limitations of PPE
First use engineering controls and workplace controls then, use PPE
The protection is only as good as the PPE selected; PPE must be appropriate for job task and hazard
PPE may interfere with other PPE or work operations
PPE must be properly worn
PPE must be maintained and stored properly
PPE must be inspected

19. Eye Protection

20. Causes of Eye Injuries
Dust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or wool fibers
Molten metal that might splash
Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that might splash
Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter
Intense light such as that created by welding and lasers

21. Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection
Must protect against specific hazard(s) encountered by employees
Must be comfortable to wear
Must not restrict vision or movement
Must be durable and easy to clean and disinfect

22. Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection
Must not interfere with the function of other required PPE
Must meet the requirements of ANSI Z for devices purchased after July 5, 1994, and ANSI Z for devices purchased before that date

23. Eye Protection for Employees with Eyeglasses
Eyeglasses designed for ordinary wear do not provide the required protection against workplace hazards.
Proper choices include:
Prescription spectacles with side shields and protective lenses meeting requirements of ANSI Z87.1 that also correct the employee’s vision

24. Eye Protection for Employees with Eyeglasses
Proper choices include:
Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted behind protective lenses
Goggles that can fit comfortably over corrective eyeglasses without disturbing their alignment

25. Eye Protection Eye protection comes in different types:
Goggles are designed for solid or liquid hazards that are airborne and in a quantity that there is a greater likelihood of contact with or near the eye.
Safety eyeglasses with protective side shields are designed for eye protection when the hazard is more casual by nature and the hazard(s) is of low quantity and likelihood.

26. Eye Protection
Eyes may need protection from hazards other than those that include a physical contact with the eye. For example, UV light can cause permanent damage to vision

27. Eye/Face Protection
For more severe hazards, full face protection is needed:
Heavy grinding and heavy spraying/splashing.
The full face shield should not only protect the eyes, but the entire facial area as well.
The face shield affords extra protection against hazards involving temperature extremes or hazardous chemicals.
Due to the wide opening on the sides and bottom of the face shield, protective eyewear must be worn along with the face shield.

28. Question
Can more than one employee wear the same set of protective eyewear?
Yes

29. Question
Are you required to disinfect the eyewear between uses by different employees?
Yes

30. Everyone who has suffered an eye injury:
A. Thought it would never happen to them.
B. Would wear eye protection if they had it to do over again.

31. Safety Spectacles Made with metal/plastic safety frames
Most workplace operations require side shields
Used for moderate impact from particles produced by such jobs as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling
What are tips for proper care?

32. Goggles
Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes
Some goggles fit over corrective lenses
What are tips for proper care?

33. Face Shields
Protect face from nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids
Does not protect employees from impact hazards
What are tips for proper care?

34. Welding Shields
Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting.
What are tips for proper care?

35. Laser Safety Goggles
Provide a range of protection against the intense concentrations of light produced by lasers.
What are tips for proper care?

36. Hazard Assessment
In a machine shop, a milling operation produces large quantities of metal chips that fly all over the surrounding work areas. How should the owner best protect the workers?

37. Head Protection

38. Causes of Head Injuries
Falling objects from above
Bumping the head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams
Contact with exposed electrical conductors

39. Head Protection
Hard hats are necessary to protect workers against falling objects and overhead hazards in general.
Some hard hats are designed to protect only against bumps (low overhead hazards), while others afford protection against falling objects.
Hard hats should be designed to reduce electrical shock when there is a potential for contact with anything electrical conductors.

40. Head Protection
Hard hats must conform with the requirements of ANSI Z Check the label on the hat for compliance with this standard.
What are tips for proper care?

41. Types of Head Protection
Which class of hard hat types will protect you from
electric shock as well as falling objects?
Class A
B. Class B
C. Class C
D. Class A and B

42. Types of Head Protection
Class A Helmets
For impact, penetration, and electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (tested to 2,200 volts).
Class B Helmets
For impact, penetration, and electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (tested to 20,000 volts).
Class C Helmets
For impact and penetration hazards hazards only. Usually made of aluminum, which conducts electricity, and should not be worn around electrical hazards.

43. Foot Protection

44. Causes of Foot Injuries
Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might roll onto or fall on employees’ feet
Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes
Molten metal that might splash on feet
Hot or wet surfaces
Slippery surfaces

45. Foot Protection Criteria for Selection
Selection depends upon specific workplace hazards identified and the specific parts of the feet exposed to potential injury
Safety footwear must meet minimum compression and impact performance standards and testing requirements established by ANSI
Protective footwear must comply with ANSI Z if purchased after July 5, 1994) or ANSI Z (if purchased before this date)

46. Foot Protection
Proper footwear can afford a level of protection for the feet and toes:
Steel-toed boots or shoes protect toes against the crushing hazard of falling objects, such involved with pipe moving or heavy material handling
Rubber boots protect the feet against chemical hazards. For chemical hazards, check with your MSDS.
Footwear should also be selected based on protection from the walking/working surface:
Sturdy, puncture-resistant soles for sharp object hazards

47. True or False?
Leather shoes or boots offer good protection against spills of caustic chemicals.
False…caustic eats right through the leather and can cause permanent injury.

48. Safety Shoes Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles
Some have metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds
May be designed to be electrically conductive
What are tips for proper care?

49. Metatarsal Guards
An integral part of shoes or strapped to the outside of them to protect the instep area from impact and compression.
What are tips for proper care?

50. Hand Protection

51. Causes of Hand Injuries
Burns
Bruises
Abrasions
Cuts
Punctures
Fractures
Amputations
Chemical Exposures
Temperature Extremes

52. Question
Is there one kind of glove that will protect against all workplace hazards? No

53. Hand Protection Criteria for Selection
Nature of the hazard(s) and the operation to be performed will determine the selection of gloves
Variety of potential occupational hand injuries may make selecting the appropriate pair of gloves more difficult than choosing other protective equipment

54. Hand Protection Gloves should be selected according to the hazard.
Handling hot materials usually requires leather gloves.
Heavy cotton glove usually afford ample protection against scratch and abrasive hazards.
Rubber gloves are usually necessary for electrical and chemical hazards.
There are gloves designed to protect against cut hazards, as in the meat industry.
Check with your MSDS and/or your glove supplier for more information.

55. Norfoil laminate resists permeation and breakthrough by an array of toxic/hazardous chemicals
Butyl provides the highest permeation resistance to gas or water vapors; frequently used for ketones (M.E.K., Acetone) and esters (Amyl Acetate, Ethyl Acetate)

56. Viton is highly resistant to permeation by chlorinated and aromatic solvents
Nitrile provides protection against a wide variety of solvents, harsh chemicals, fats and petroleum products and also provides excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions

57. Kevlar protects against cuts, slashes, and abrasion
Stainless steel mesh provides protection from cuts and lacerations

58. Gloves
What are tips for proper care?

59. Hazard Assessment- Gloves
Laboratory technicians handle strong solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. What type of gloves should the employer provide?
What type of gloves should be provided for protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene?

60. Hazard Assessment- Gloves
Production operators handle acetone and methyl alcohol to clean parts. What type of gloves should the employer provide?
What options does an employer have if an employee develops an allergic reaction?

61. Body Protection

62. Causes of Body Injuries?
Intense heat
Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials
Cuts
Hazardous chemicals
Contact with potentially infectious materials, like blood
Radiation

63. Body Protection Criteria for Selection
Need to provide protective clothing only for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury
Depending upon hazards in the workplace, protection may be provided by:
Vests
Aprons
Surgical gowns
Jackets
Full coveralls

64. Examples
Cooling Vest
Sleeves and Apron

65. Examples
Coveralls
Full Body Suit

66. Body Protection Use and Care
Verify that the material selected will provide protection from the specific hazard
Adjust for comfort and effective fit
Identify signs of wear:
Rips, tears, scuffs
Loss of elasticity
Clean and disinfect properly
Store properly
* See 29 CFR for further guidance on selection of chemical protective clothing for workers involved in hazardous waste operations and emergency response.

67. Hazard Assessment Summary
Assess the workplace for hazards
Implement engineering controls and work practices to control or eliminate these hazards to the extent feasible
Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from hazards that cannot be eliminated or controlled through engineering controls and work practices

68. Hazard Assessment Summary
Inform employees why the PPE is necessary and when it must be worn
Train employees how to use and care for the selected PPE and how to recognize deterioration and failure
Require employees to wear the selected PPE in the workplace
Document assessment and training

69. Hearing Protection

70. Objectives What is sound? How the ear works How to measure noise
What does OSHA say about noise?
Reading hearing tests
Hearing Protection

71. What is Sound? Hertz (Hz) Frequency a high or low pitch Decibels (dB)
The loudness of the sound

72. Frequency Humans can typically hear between 20 - 20,000 Hz.
You can hear different frequencies better than others.

73. Decibels The quietest sound most humans can detect is 0 dB
Some humans can even hear sounds as quiet as -5 dB

74. The Loudness of Common Sounds

75. Anatomy of the Ear
Cochlea
Ear Drum
Ear Bones
Semi-Circular Canals

76. How Do We Hear? The outer ear collects the soundwaves
The waves hit the eardrum and cause it to vibrate
The vibrations are sent through the ear bones to the cochlea

77. Inside the Cochlea (snail shell)
Delicate hair cells vibrate to different frequencies
Hair cells detect the vibration and send a signal to the brain
Loud sounds destroy the hair cells and they stop functioning FOREVER!

78. The Ear Does Something Else Too!
The Semi-circular canals
Three tubes laying perpendicular to one another
Filled with fluid and tiny hair cells
Depending on which way your head is tilted, the fluid moves the hair cells, and they send a signal to your brain
Responsible for balance

79. How to Measure Noise Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale
If you double the sound pressure of the noise, the sound pressure level will increase 6dB
80 dB
86 dB

80. Example
In the field, we determined the loudness of two compressors right next to each other
How loud is this area?
Do we add?
Do we add and take the average?
89 dB
87 dB

81. Example Neither, because it is a log scale We use the following chart
82 dB + 83 dB = 86 dB
87 dB + 89 dB = 91 dB

82. How are Noise Levels Determined?
Personal Dosimeters
Worn by employees
Measures the average loudness in an 8 hour work shift
“8hr TWA” (Time Weighted Average)
Can also measure noise dose
Sound level meter
Determine the loudness (dB) of noise at any given moment

83. What does OSHA say? At 85 dB (8hr. TWA) (50% Dose) At 90 dB or more
Sample for noise levels
Train employees
Make hearing protection available
Do hearing tests
Notify employees of results
At 90 dB or more
(100% Dose)
Train employees
Hearing protection is mandatory
Hearing protection must attenuate levels at or below 90 dB
Do hearing tests
Notify employees of results

84. What does the Std Require?

85. True or False?
Plain cotton will effectively protect against occupational noise. No

86. Hearing Protection Criteria for Selection
Attenuation characteristics of a particular hearing protector must be considered
Work area of use important, e.g., earmuffs not practical for work in confined areas with little head clearance
When using earmuffs in areas with electrical hazards, use nonconductive suspension systems

87. Hearing Protection Criteria for Selection
When eye protection is also required, use earplugs or earmuffs with cable-type temples
Earmuffs preferable to earplugs when noise exposure is intermittent, since they are easier to put on and remove

88. Examples
Earmuffs
Earplugs
Canal Caps
What are tips for proper care?

89. True or False?
Hearing protection worn incorrectly is like wearing none at all.

90. Hearing Tests We must determine a baseline audiogram
We test your hearing every year to determine if you have experienced a hearing loss (Standard Threshold Shift)
Standard Threshold Shift - A loss of 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000, or 4000 Hz.

91. Audiogram

92. Hearing Loss Impact - One loud bang
Cumulative - Years of a noisy environment
Tinnitus - Ringing in the ears
Presbycusis - Hearing loss due to aging

93. Hearing Protection NRR - Noise reduction rating
Express NRR
Classic NRR
Max Lite - 33 NRR
DO NOT Subtract the NRR from the 108 dBA noise level
WRONG (108 dBA - 33 dB = 75 dBA)
You must subtract 7 dB from the NRR: (33-7)
CORRECT (108 dBA – 26dB = 82 dBA)
Is this adequate protection?

94. Safety Factor-Recommended
OSHA says the hearing protection is designed to reduce the noise by the NRR, but that is unlikely to happen due to :
Leaks in the seal
Vibration
Improper insertion
OSHA takes (NRR - 7) / 2

95. Example of NRR Protection
The noise at a large compressor is 108 dBA
You are wearing the Max Lite plugs with an NRR of 33 dB
Do you have enough protection to place you at or below 90 dBA level?

96. Example of NRR Protection
(NRR ) = 26 dB
26 / 2 = 13 dB
108 dBA dB = 95 dBA
YOU ARE ABOVE OSHA LIMITS OF 90 dBA
95 dBA
108 dBA

97. Example of NRR Protection
Will double protection help?
Add 5 dB to the field adjusted NRR
(33 – 7) / dB = 18 dB
108 dBA dB = 90 dBA
Is this protection adequate?
90 dBA

98. Summary for Hearing Protection
Hearing is important
In time, noise levels at 85 dBA can permanently damage your hearing
Wear your hearing protection both at work and at home
Choose hearing protection with a high NRR, and wear it properly

99. Respiratory Protection 1910.134

100. Program Elements Program Administrator Workplace Evaluation
Respirator Selection
Medical Evaluation
Fit Testing
Respirator Use
Maintenance and Storage
Training

101. Workplace Evaluation Identify Respiratory Hazards
particulates, gases, vapors, oxygen deficiency
Determine Exposure
monitoring, calculations, historical data
Control Hazard
engineering controls, administrative controls

102. Respirator Selection Chemical and Physical Properties
Toxicity and Concentration
Oxygen Level
Nature and Extent of Hazard
Limitations and Characteristics of Respirators

103. Question Will a bandana provide protection against particulates?
How about two bandanas?

104. Respirator Types Air Purifying Respirators dust masks gas masks
chemical cartridges
Air-Supplying Respirators
air-line respirators
SCBAs

105. Medical Evaluation 1910.134(e)
Paid by Employer
Physician or Licensed Health Care Provider
Medical Questionnaire vs. Examination
Written Determination
Additional Medical Evaluations

106. Fit Testing - 1910.134(f) Required for tight fitting face pieces
Fit testing is conducted annually
Qualitative
all positive pressure respirators
negative pressure respirators (< 10 X PEL)
Quantitative
half mask: achieve fit factor > 100
full face: achieve fit factor > 500

107. Respirator Use 1910.134(g) Donning and doffing
Maintain face-to-face piece and valve seal
Negative and positive fit check
Change out schedules
Emergency situations

108. Maintenance and Storage 1910.134(h)
Cleaning and disinfecting procedures
Proper storage
Regular inspections
Repair methods

109. Training 1910.134(k) Frequency prior to initial use annual refreshers
change in workplace conditions
retraining determined necessary
Appendix D for voluntary use

110. Training – Cont’d Content necessity and consequences of misuse
limitations and capabilities
emergency use
inspect, don, doff, use, check seals
maintenance and storage
general requirements of standard

111. Written Program Elements 1910.134(c)
Selection
Medical Evaluations
Fit Testing
Proper Use
Maintenance
Training
Evaluation of Program

112. Summary Conduct air monitoring Choose the right respirator
Make sure employees wear their respirators
Perform fit testing
Train employees
Take care of respirators
Review program

113. Hazard Assessment - Workshop
Complete the worksheet for one high hazard area at your company.
What type of limitations and proper care for the PPE would you discuss with your employees during training?

114. Resources www.texasmutual.com www.osha.gov www.twcc.state.tx.us

115. Questions?

116. Thank –you for your attendance!