1. Mammals

2. 10 Characteristics of Class Mammalia
Body covered with hair
Skin contains sweat, scent, sebaceous, and
mammary glands
7 cervical (neck) vertebrae
Pelvic bones are fused
Movable eyelids
Endothermic (warm blooded)

3. Characteristics of Class Mammalia
7. 4 limbs for locomotion
8. 4 chambered heart
9. Eggs develop in a uterus w/ placental
attachment
10. Milk from mammary glands to nourish young

4. Vocabulary for Class Mammalia
Sebaceous: A type of mammalian epidermal gland that produces a fatty substance used for water proofing
Uterus: A hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the fertilized egg becomes embedded and develops into an embryo and then a fetus; provides nourishment
Placenta: The vascular structure, embryonic and maternal, through which the embryo and fetus are nourished while in the uterus
Mammary Gland: The breast. In female mammals, the mammary glands produce and secrete milk to nourish developing young.

5. Vocabulary for Class Mammalia
Gestation: The period in which offspring are carried in the uterus
Vivipary: Reproduction in which eggs develop inside the female body

6. Viviparous/Placental Marsupials Monotremes
3 Main types of Mammals
Viviparous/Placental
Marsupials
Monotremes

7. Viviparous/Placental Mammals
Includes most mammals
Examples: rodents, whales, elephants,
dogs, cats, bats, and humans

8. Viviparous/Placental Mammals
Gestation ranges: The tendency is that the smaller animals have shorter gestation periods and vice versa
Examples: Mice = 21 days
Cats & dogs = 60 days
Humans = 9 months
Elephants = 22 months
There are exceptions: Whales carry their
young for only 12 months

9. Viviparous/Placental Mammals
The number of young produced in a season depends on mortality rates.
Mice are prey, and can produce 17 litters of 4 to 9 babies = 153 babies a year

10. Viviparous/Placental Mammals
Most carnivores have only one litter with 3 to 5 babies per year
Large mammals such as elephants & horses have only one baby per year

11. Marsupial Mammals
Includes: Kangaroos, Koala bears, Opossum, & Wallabies
Are pouched, viviparous mammals that exhibit a second pattern of reproduction
Have a primitive placenta
The embryo is first enclosed by a shell membrane & floats free for several days in the uterine fluid

12. Marsupial Mammals
After “hatching” from the shell membrane, it “takes root” in the uterine wall & absorbs nutrients
Gestation is short, and give birth to tiny young that look like embryos
Early birth is followed by a long time of lactation & parental care.
Opossum Babies
in a Pouch

13. Marsupial Mammals: Kangaroos
Fertilization is followed by a 33 day gestation
After the joey (baby kangaroo) is born, it crawls to the pouch without help from the mother
It attaches to a nipple located in the pouch

14. Marsupial Mammals: Kangaroos
The mother can become pregnant during this time, but the new embryo will stop growing after the 100-cell stage. This period of rest is called embryonic diapause, and lasts for about 235 days while the first joey is growing in the pouch
When the first joey leaves the pouch, the embryo in the uterus will begin to grow again, be born, and crawl to the pouch
Mother kangaroos will have 3 young of different ages dependent on her for nourishment: a joey on foot, a joey in the pouch, and a diapause embryo in uterus

15. Monotreme Mammals Include the duck-billed platypus and echidnas
Oviparous mammals (Egg layers), NO gestation
Has a thin leathery shell, 2 is laid in each clutch
Eggs are laid in a burrow nest and incubates for 12 days.
The young suck milk from the fur of the mother around the openings of the mammary glands

16. Ungulates Ungulates: Animals with hooves Walk on their toes
(Deer, sheep, pigs, horses, giraffe, cows, antelope, camels, & moose)
Walk on their toes
Many (not all) have antlers OR horns
Accounts for the majority of the world’s herbivores

17. Ungulates
Horns: Hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis arising from the skull
Are NOT shed & don’t branch
Grow continuously
Found in both sexes

18. Ungulates Antlers: Composed of solid bone when mature
Develop under a covering of highly vascular soft skin called velvet
Except for caribou, ONLY males have antlers
Breeding season (Fall), the blood vessels constrict & the stag (male) removes the velvet by rubbing the antlers on trees
Antlers are shed after breeding season
Each year, antlers become bigger and more elaborate than the previous year

19. Flying Squirrels
Found in southeastern Canada, the eastern United States, and Mexico into Honduras and are as common as gray squirrels.
Are a nocturnal rodent species that glide silently through the woods while most of us are sleeping.
Loggers, rehabbers, and bird watchers are virtually the only people who experience the privilege of ever encountering them.

20. Flying Squirrels
* The term "flying" is somewhat misleading, since flying squirrels are actually gliders, incapable of true flight.
* Patagium: Is a furred membrane of skin, stretching from the fore leg to the hind leg.
* Underneath the skin of the patagium lay long thin muscle groups that control some of its movement, and along the edge lies a group of intertwined muscle that serves to hold the skin flaps in various degrees of tautness as required during its glide.
* When not gliding, another muscle group controls the now loose skin, keeping it out of the way when running, walking and sitting.

21. Flying Squirrels
* Gliding is achieved by this animal by launching off the tops of trees and extending flaps of skin stretched from arms to legs.
* They are highly maneuverable while in flight.
* Steering is accomplished by adjusting tautness of the patagium, largely controlled by a the wrist bone.
* The tail acts as a stabilizer in flight, much like the tail of a kite, and is used in "braking" prior to landing on a tree trunk.

22. Bats
A bat’s forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammal naturally capable of true flight
Their wings are similar structurally to a human hand
Similar to flying squirrels, they also have a patagium membrane between the fingers that also stretches between the hand and body.

23. Bats There are 2 types: Mega bats and Micro bats
About 70% of bats are insectivores (insect eaters) and almost the rest are frugivores (fruit eaters).

24. Bats
Bats are present throughout most of the world and perform vital ecological roles such as pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds.
Many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for the distribution of their seeds.

25. Bats Megabats (large): Microbats (small) Eat fruit, nectar, or pollen
See very well
Most do NOT echolocate
Examples: Flying foxes, blossom bats, and more
Microbats (small)
Eat insects
Do NOT see very well
Use echolocation
Examples: Little brown bat & big brown bat (common in GA)
There are 16 different species in GA

26. Marine Mammals

27. Types of Marine Mammals
Manatee Humpback Whale Bottlenosed Dolphin
Sea Lion Sea Otter Polar Bear

28. 2 Types of Whales: Baleen & Toothed
Baleen Whales :
Includes Blue Whale, Gray Whale, Humpback Whale,
Right Whale, & Minke Whale
Toothed Whales: Obviously have teeth
-- Includes Sperm Whale, Orca, & Dolphins

29. Baleen Whales Generally larger than toothed No Teeth Have 2 blow holes
Have a “V” shaped blow
Filter feeders – using baleen
Humpback

30. Baleen Whales 3 Types of Feeding Styles
Gulpers – Alternate between swimming (chasing food),
& opening their mouth
(Includes Blue Whales, Humpbacks, Minkes)

31. Gulpers Some gulpers use bubble nets to fish
They work collaboratively, where one whale creates the bubble ring, & the rests of the pod comes in for the ambush

32. Baleen Whales 3 Types of Feeding Styles
2. Skimmers – Swim with their mouths open
(Includes Right Whales & Bowhead Whales)
3. Benthic Feeders – Feed on the bottom
(Gray Whales)

33. Baleen Whales Baleen is a material similar to human fingernails
Baleen looks like the frayed teeth of a comb
Baleen’s inner edge has bristly to hair-like structures
When the whale gulps a mouthful of seawater, the baleen traps small crustaceans. The whale then closes it’s mouth, and spits out the excess water, leaving the small animals stuck to the baleen. The whale then uses it’s large tongue to collect them off the baleen and then swallows them.

34. Toothed Whales Have teeth (duh) – Do NOT chew their food
They are used for grasping slippery fish
Eat Fish, seabirds, and marine mammals
Have ONE opening at the blowhole
Swim faster
Tend to be smaller
More social – live & hunt in pods (Family Groups)

35. Toothed Whales Use echolocation or sonar to detect objects
They send whistles and clicks from their melon located on top of their head
They listen to the reflected echoes that bounce off objects & to the whale’s lower jaw.
The sounds allow the whale to create a mental picture of the object

36. Killer Whales (Orcas) are not whales, but a the largest dolphin!
Dolphins
Killer Whales (Orcas) are not whales, but a the largest dolphin!

37. Whale Behaviors
Spy Hopping
Breaching

38. Tail Lobbing Tail Sailing
Whale Behaviors
Tail Lobbing
Tail Sailing