1. New Approaches to Civil Rights

2. Equal access to Education
To help solve de facto segregation, students were bussed to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve greater racial balance.
Led to protests and riots in several white communities.
Supreme Court case Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) upheld the constitutionality of busing. Victory for supporters of busing.
The Supreme Court ruled in Miliken v. Bradley (1974) stated that children could not be bused across district lines unless the district was created to promote segregation.

3. Affirmative Action
Trying to solve economic and educational discrimination (1961)
Called for companies, schools, and institutions doing business with the federal government to recruit African Americans hoping to improve social and economic status.
Later expanded to include women and other minority groups.
Critics viewed it as a form of reverse racial discrimination.
Allan Bakke, a white applicant denied admission to medical school, felt he had been discriminated against based on his race and sued.
In the University of California Regents v. Baake (1978), ruled that universities could consider race as one part of their admissions, as long as they did not use “fixed quotas.”

4. Native Americans Civil Rights
Passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1968 guaranteed reservation residents the protection of the Bill of Rights, and also recognized local reservation law.
The American Indian Movement (AIM) hoped to gain improvements on reservations, were willing to use force and hoped the U.S. government would honor past treaties. They also occupied lands Americans “claimed to discover” as a sign of protest.

5. The Disability Rights Movement
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973) , and later the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) specified that disabled people must have equal access to public facilities, such as transportation and parking. For example, handicapped parking spots and ramps for busses.
The Americans with Disabilities Act banned discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public education, and telecommunications.
New technologies such as closed-captioned television broadcasts, devices for telephones, and screen readers allowed people with disabilities to access information in new ways.