1. Climate Change - I

2. Climate and Weather Phenomena

3. Climate and Urbanization
Microclimate: the climate of a relatively small area
Human impact on climate
cities are warmer than rural areas (urban heat island effect)
Pollution: smog, haze
Example: the branches nearest the street lamp receive more light and warmth, get confused about the season, do not shed their leaves

4. The Earth as of 18,000 years ago
Alpine glaciers cover Canada and most of Northern US
Glaciers periodically advance then retreat
Presently they cover ~10% - Greenland and Antarctica

5. Is Florida in danger?
If all the ice were to melt, the level of the ocean would rise by 65 m ~ 210 ft. The highest point in FL is 345 ft.

6. Determining past climate
The methods used to study the past climate typically involve physical, chemical, biological processes sensitive to: temperature changes, the presence of water, solar activity, etc.
The records must have survived over a long period of time.
We must be able to date the records relatively accurately.
Geological evidence – examples:
Advancing and retreating glaciers (surface temperature)
Ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland (the amount of snow accumulation, isotopic ratios, the crystal structure of the ice, trapped air bubbles, solar activity, volcanic eruptions, fine dust and plant pollen, microorganisms)
Plant fossils in sedimentary rocks (plants are sensitive to long-term temperature changes)
Core samples of the ocean floor sediments (contain shells and microorganisms that live within some temperature range)
Dendrochronology (the rate of growth of tree rings-for trees which are sensitive to temperature or drought stress)

7. Glaciers

8. Ice Cores from the Antarctic and Greenland

9. Sedimentary Rocks

10. Fossils in Sedimentary Rocks

11. Ocean Floor Cores

12. Climate through the Ages: overview
Throughout the geological history of the Earth, the temperature has been warmer than today (8 to 15 deg C)
There have been several periods of glaciations (ice ages)
In the interglacial (warm ) periods the glaciers retreat and the polar regions are ice free, the sea level is elevated.
Some of the changes occur over thousands of years, some as quickly as a few years.

13. Earth Temperature through the Ages
During the last 2 billion years the Earth's climate has alternated between
A frigid "Ice House", like today's world
A steaming "Hot House", like the world of the dinosaurs

14. Paleoclimatology
Long-term evolution of oxygen isotope ratios as measured in fossils. Relative changes in oxygen isotope ratios can be interpreted as rough changes in climate. Quantitative conversion between this data and direct temperature changes is a complicated process subject to many systematic uncertainties, however it is estimated that each 1 part per thousand change in δ18O represents roughly a °C change in tropical sea surface temperatures

15. Paleoclimatology
Temperature change for the past 150,000 years at the VOSTOK site in Antarctica, based on the deuterium proxy found in ice cores.

16. Temperature changes in the last 18k years
18k y.a. - max thickness of most recent glaciers, 120 m lower sea level
14k y.a. – ice retreats, gradual warming
12.7k -11k y.a. – cold spell
Since then: more or less constant T, with a maximum around 5k y.a.

17. Ocean temperatures today versus 18,000 years ago
Colder North Atlantic during the Ice Age – the Gulf Stream shifted direction.
18,000 YEARS AGO
TODAY

18. The Ocean Conveyor Belt
Thermohaline circulation: driven by differences in T and/or salinity
Evaporation increases salinity -> density; cooling in the North Atlantic
Note: intersecting/overlapping currents are at different depths
Gulfstream causes abnormally mild, wet winters in Europe
The belt has switched on and off in the past -> sudden climate change

19. Climate During the last 1000 years
Little Ice Age
Eighteen hundred
and froze-to-death
Medieval Climatic Optimum

20. Temperature trend during the past 100-plus years