1. Chapter One: The Native Peoples
Term 1: Test Review
Chapter One: The Native Peoples
Answer Key

2. 1.1 – First Occupants of the Territory
Settlement of North America
The Bering Strait hypothesis is the most widespread theory on how the first occupants migrated to North America.
Fill in the blanks to describe the key characteristics of this theory.
Environmental reason for migration: Ice Age - Low sea levels allowed a land bridge to form Motivation for migration: They crossed the Bering Strait hunting animals/ following their prey
Name of the bridge created between Asia and Alaska: Beringia
When they initially migrated to North America: 32,000 years ago
When they migrated to Quebec: 12,000 years ago
Ancestors of the Inuit, the Thule, arrived in the Arctic 1,000 years ago

3. Linguistic Groups 2) Identify the key characteristics of each linguistic group
Iroquois
Location
St. Lawrence Valley & Great Lakes Region
Environment Description
-Cold winters and long, hot summers
-Mixed forests (deciduous and coniferous trees)
Main Subsistence Activity
Agriculture
Food Sources
Corn, Squash, Beans
Way of Life/ Lifestyle
Sedentary
Dwelling
Longhouse
Type of social organization
Matriarchy
Transportation
Canoe, Toboggan, Snowshoes

4. Linguistic Groups 2) Identify the key characteristics of each linguistic group
Inuit
Location
Arctic
Environment Description
-Harsh climate, permanently frozen subsoil (permafrost)
-Sparse (not a lot) vegetation
Main Subsistence Activity
Hunting & Fishing
Food Sources
Seal, walrus, beluga, caribou
Way of Life/ Lifestyle
Nomadic
Dwelling
Igloo (winter), hide tents (summer)
Type of social organization
Patriarchy
Transportation
Sleds, Kayaks, Umiaks, Snowshoes

5. Linguistic Groups 2) Identify the key characteristics of each linguistic group
Algonquian
Location
Canadian Shield
Environment Description
-Long, harsh winters and short, cool summers
-Forests made up of coniferous trees
Main Subsistence Activity
Hunting, Fishing, Gathering
Food Sources
-Caribou, moose, deer, fish, berries and plants
Way of Life/ Lifestyle
Nomadic
Dwelling
Wigwam
Type of social organization
Patriarchy
Transportation
Canoe, Toboggan, Snowshoes

6. Links to the Environment For this section, be sure to include the below criteria in your links to the environment: -Why did they need it in their environment? -What resources did they have access to in order to make it?
3) Establish the connection between the Iroquois environment and two aspects of their culture (tools, dwelling, lifestyle, subsistence activity…)
Wooden Rake (Tool) :
The climate permitted the Iroquois to do agriculture and therefore they needed tools like the wooden rake to level the soil for their crops. The summers were as hot as 30 degrees, the soil was fertile and they access to the St. Lawrence River.
They had access to an abundance of trees in this region, both coniferous and deciduous, which allowed them to create this tool.
Dwelling (Longhouse):
The environment in the St. Lawrence Lowlands allowed the Iroquois to have a sedentary lifestyle and therefore a permanent dwelling like the longhouse. To be specific, they had summers that were as hot as 30 degrees, the soil was fertile and they access to the St. Lawrence River. Also, the longhouse kept them cool during the warmer seasons and kept them insulated during the harsh winters.
To create the longhouse, the Iroquoians built the frame of the longhouse using trees such as timber, which were available in abundance. They used birch bark to cover the wooden frame, which was also easily accessible.
Subsistence Activity (Agriculture):
The Iroquois practiced Agriculture as their main subsistence activity. Their environment permitted them to grow various crops like corn squash and beans. The summers were as hot as 30 degrees, the soil was fertile and they access to the St. Lawrence River; they had the necessary conditions to practice farming. The Iroquoians needed agriculture because they lived a sedentary lifestyle. In other words, they did not follow the animals and therefore needed a local source of food.

7. 4) Establish the connection between the Inuit environment and two aspects of their culture (tools, dwelling, lifestyle, subsistence activity…)
Tools (Detachable harpoon head):
The harsh arctic climate (permafrost, sparse vegetation) did not allow the Inuit to practice agriculture. As such they needed to rely on hunting to acquire food. The harpoon head is one tool that facilitated this subsistence activity.
The tool is made out of ivory from walrus tusks and whale bone. The Inuit had access to these marine animals because they lived near or in the Arctic Ocean, making them accessible to the Inuit.
Dwelling (Igloo):
They needed a dwelling that was insulated to protect them from the harsh arctic climate (-34) and they needed a dwelling that was suited to their nomadic way of life. The tightly packed snow created a highly insulated home. The use of snow, which was abundant in their environment, allowed them to easily put up and take down their dwelling.
Subsistence Activity (Hunting):
The harsh arctic climate (permafrost, sparse vegetation) did not allow the Inuit to practise agriculture. As such they needed to rely on hunting to acquire food.
The Inuit relied on animals such as seals, walruses and caribou for food. These resources were abundant in their environment.

8. 5)Establish the connection between the Algonquians environment and two aspects of their culture (tools, dwelling, lifestyle, subsistence activity…)
Subsistence Activity - hunting:
Due to the fact that they lived in a mountainous area with cold climate, agriculture was impossible. As a result, they had to hunt as their main subsistence activity.
They hunted animals such as: Caribou, moose, deer and fish. All of these animals were abundant in their environment.
Dwelling - wigwam:
The Algonquians lived in wigwams which were suited to the harsh climate of the Canadian Shield. The thick skins that covered the wigwam kept the Algonquians insulated during the winter. The wigwam was light and easy to transport which was well adapted to their nomadic way of life.
The Algonquians had access to all of the materials required to build the wigwams such as birch bark, moose skin, deer skins and reed.
Transportation – snowshoes
Winters in the Canadian shield experienced an abundance of snow. The Algonquians adapted their transportation to this climate. They built snowshoes which kept them from sinking on the snow
Snowshoes were typically made of birch bark for the wooden frame and animal hides for the lacing, all of which were available in abundance in the Canadian Shield

9. 1.2 – Social Relationships among Native Peoples
6) Fill in the blanks to identify the categories of social organization for each group.
Inuit
The Nuclear Family
Composed of the father, the mother and the children
The Camp
Several nuclear families joined together to form camps of different sizes based on the seasons:
100 in winter
10-20 in summer

10. Algonquians Nuclear Family The Hunting Group The Band The Nation
Composed of parents and their children, lived in a wigwam
The Hunting Group
Few families (10-20 people) grouped together to form a hunting group in the winter.
The Band
Abundant resources made it possible for several families to form a band. A band was composed of people in the summer.
The Nation
All of the bands with a common language & culture formed a nation.

11. Iroquois Nuclear Family & Extended Family The Clan The Village
Several nuclear families belonging to the same matrilineal lineage lived in the same longhouse.
The Clan
Made up of families descended from the same maternal ancestor. A totemic animal designated all clans.
The Village
Was made of several longhouses. Each longhouse was associated with a clan. There were several clans in each Iroquoian village.
The Nation
Composed of several villages that shared the same language and culture
Confederacy
Certain nations joined together to form confederacies for security and defense, and to promote common interests.

12. The size of the groups varied according to the seasons: ALGONQUIANS:
7) Explain how the seasons influenced the social organization of the Algonquians and the Inuit. Consult page 28, document 32 and page 29, document 33.
The size of the groups varied according to the seasons:
ALGONQUIANS:
Winter - hunting groups of 10 – 20 people
Summer – bands of people
INUIT:
Winter - camps of 100 – 200 people
Summer – camps of people

13. 9) How were decisions made among the Inuit?
8)Why was the social organization of the Iroquois more complex than that of the Algonquians and the Inuit?
The social organization of the Iroquois was more complex because of their sedentary way of life. Their main subsistence activity made it possible for larger groups to live together permanently. Larger groups of people living together required a more complex organization.
9) How were decisions made among the Inuit?
Consensus
10) What key people/groups made the decisions among the Algonquian and the Iroquoian?
Chiefs & Councils

14. 11) What does one need to be elected to the position of chief
11) What does one need to be elected to the position of chief? Explain with three examples. -Eloquence -Generosity -Courage/Bravery 12)How did Native peoples transmit their culture, knowledge & social customs? Who was typically assigned this role? How? Through oral history and story telling Who? Elders

15. 13) What did creation legends help explain
13) What did creation legends help explain? The origin of life 14) What types of amulets did the Inuit wear? What was the purpose? Types: They wore amulets depicting the animal that they wanted to hunt Purpose: They believed these amulets would bring them protection and good luck 15) Other than communicating with the spirits, what are 2 powers the shaman was believed to have -healing powers –predicting the future –having frequent visions -ward off evil –interpret dreams

16. 16) Define the concept of reciprocal gift giving among Indigenous peoples They believed that it was their duty to give, to receive and to give back. 1.3 – Economic Activities and Systems of Alliances 17) Identify two reasons why Native nations barter amongst each other. Reason One: Establish Alliances Reason Two: Acquire resources not found in their territory/ satisfy their needs

17. 18) Describe the scope of native trade networks
18) Describe the scope of native trade networks. Native trade networks were very large/vast across the continent of North America. 19) What channels were used to circulate goods in Native trade networks? Waterways [at the confluence] & Forest Trails 20) Name two common trade items and what they were used for. Trade Good: Shells Use: Jewelry, Adornments Trade Good: Copper Use: Tools & Weapons, for example: Hooks, Needles, Knives, Arrowheads Trade Good: Obsidian Use: Weapons & Tools

18. 21) What is the ideal location for trade?
At the confluence of two waterways
22) What is a system of alliance? Identify two reasons why they were created.
What: Groups of allied natives joined together for common goals
Reasons:
Conduct trade
Defend each other
Fight common enemy
Maintain political relationships

19. 23) Explain the significance of the wampum belt (when was it exchanged and what all the details represented).
The wampum belt was exchanged during an alliance meeting (presented to a chief during trade agreements). Wampum belts were made of shells arranged in patterns on strips of leather. Each element had a meaning. Every pattern, color and symbol communicated a specific message.
24) How were prisoners of war treated when captured? (Give two examples)
Tortured and Killed
Adopted by a family to replace a deceased member