1. REGULATION: requires homeostasis – the ability of the body or cell to seek & maintain stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes

2. Nervous System
The nervous system maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all other parts of the body.

3. Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory- uses receptors to gather information from all over the body
2. Interpretation- the brain then processes the information into possible responses
3. Response- sends messages back through the system of nerve cells to control body parts

4. Evolutionary Trends of the Nervous System
Simple
Complex
Animal Taxon
Aquatic Invertebrates
Flatworms & Roundworms
Segmented Worms & Arthropods
Vertebrates
Type of Nervous Tissue
A simple system with interconnected neurons called nerve nets; contain specialized cells for touch and chemical detection
Ganglia (a group of nerve cells) and nerve cords run along the body; can detect chemicals, touch, and some have eyespots
Cephalization occurs which is the concentration of nerve cells in a head region to form a brain; intense senses in arthropods
A well developed brain evolved from the spinal cord; the size and complexity increases from fish to mammals
Picture of system
Examples
sponges, jellyfish
planaria, flukes, tapeworm, hookworm
earthworm, ants, grasshopper, bees
mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians

5. Structures of the Nervous System
Neurons: the functional cell that transmits signals through the body; an individual nerve cell
Parts of a Neuron
cell body- the largest part of the neuron; contains the nucleus and organelles
2. dendrites- short, branching extensions spreading out from the cell body; receive and carry impulses to the cell body

6. 3. axon- long, fibrous part of neuron; conducts nerve impulses away from cell body 4. At the end of the axon, the impulse travels across the synapse, a tiny gap separating the axon of one neuron from the dendrite of another. Once the impulse reaches the end of the axon, it is able to jump the gap by changing into a neurotransmitter

7. Neuron
Nerve Impulse- an electrical signal is sent from the dendrite, along the axon, to the terminal. A chemical message, called a neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminals into the synapse, where it travels to the next cell.

8. Types of Neurons
a. sensory neurons- carry impulses from sense organs to brain
b. motor neurons- carry impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles/organs
c. interneurons- carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons

9. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

10. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain- “control center”- receives and analyzes information; processes and sends back instructions

11. Parts of the Brain
1. Cerebrum controls thought, language, learning, judgment, & voluntary action 2. Cerebellum controls involuntary functions of muscles & maintains balance and posture

12. Parts of the Brain
3. Brain stem (Pons & Medulla Oblongata) Controls involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and swallowing 4. Thalamus, Hypothalamus Controls homeostasis- temperature, hunger, thirst, flight or flight responses

13. B. Spinal cord- link between the brain and PNS; also controls reflexes Reflex: a simple, automatic response (ex. Hand on a tack)

14. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of nerves- ropelike bundles of neurons
Gathers information, delivers it to and from CNS

15. Levels of Organization
Nerves
Brain
Nervous
Neurons

16. Interaction with other systems for Regulation
Bones of the skeletal system protect the spinal cord and brain.
The brain controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing via the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Glands in the brain control the release of hormones of the endocrine and reproductive systems.
The brain controls muscles both in digestion and movement.

17. Diseases / Disorders of the Nervous System
Polio- a virus that attacks the spinal cord; eventually causes paralysis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- affects neurons; slows nerve impulses, causing muscle weakness, possibly paralysis.
Alzheimer’s- brain tissue deteriorates; severe memory loss
Stroke- a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain, causing brain damage
Concussion- a bruise to the brain when the brain hits the inside of the skull

18. Fun Facts
A human body contains more nerve cells than there are stars in the Milky Way
Neurons are the largest cell in the body and do NOT undergo mitosis
Nerve impulses move at 100 meters per second or more
Longest axon of a neuron is 15 ft! (in the giraffe)