1. FOUNDER OF THREE ORDERS
ST FRANCIS
FOUNDER OF
THREE ORDERS

2. THREE ORDERS Celano: “To all he gave a norm of life.”
FRIARS MINOR
POOR LADIES
ORDER OF PENANCE

3. “TRIPLE ARMY”
Clergy, Religious, Laity or
Friars, Clares, Penitents

4. FRIARS MINOR Francis lived the life He wrote the Rule (1223)
Rule sealed by
Honorius III

5. (Francis “established” their form of life)
POOR LADIES
Clare lived the life
She wrote the Rule (1253)
Rule sealed by
Innocent IV
(Francis “established” their form of life)

6. ORDER OF PENITENTS Francis not secular after 1205
THIRD ORDER SECULAR AND REGULAR
Francis not secular after 1205
He did not write the Rule (1289)
Rule sealed by
Nicholas IV

7. “FOUNDER” OF HIS PENITENTS
Benedict XV (1921):
“Founder and legislator”
Questions:
True and direct Founder?
Directed existing movement?

8. “FOUNDER”
Verified by:
Letters of St Francis
Franciscan Sources

9. St Francis wrote to “All the faithful”:
LETTERS
St Francis wrote to “All the faithful”:
First Letter (1215)
Second Letter (1221)

10. FRANCISCAN SOURCES
Thomas of Celano (1228)
Gregory IX (1228)
Julian of Speyer (1231)
St Bonaventure (1260)
Others

11. ORDER OF PENITENTS St Francis was: Influential in its foundation
Its reference and focal point
Its organizer, teacher, author
Its institutor, father, founder