1. The Cell Cycle

2. Basic Understanding
Structure – An arrangement or organization of parts to form an organ, system, or living thing.
Characteristics – pertaining to, constituting, or indicating the character or peculiar quality of a person or thing

3. Basic Understanding
Response –any behavior of a living organism that results from an external or internal stimulus.
Stimulus - Something that can elicit or evoke a physiological response in a cell, a tissue, or an organism
Species –composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves

4. Basic Understanding
Development – the act or process of growth or progress
Function – to perform a specified action or activity; work
Mobility – The ability to move from place to place, job to job, or level to level.

5. Basic Understanding Extinction – a coming to an end or dying out
Hierarchy –any organized system of things ranked one above another in successive order

6. Robert Hooke English Naturalist Was the first to use the term cell.
Was looking at CORK under a compound microscope.

7. What is a cell?
It is the smallest unit of life that carries out function

8. Cells (basic unit of life)
Hierarchy
Cell
Cells (basic unit of life)
Tissues
(A group of cells performing a similar function)
Organs
(A group of tissues performing a similar function)
Organ System
(A group of organs performing a similar function)
Organism
An individual living thing made up of smaller parts that work together
(You and Me)

9. The Cell Theory All living things are made up of 1 or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things.
Cells come from other preexisting cells

10. Somatic Cells - any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
Genetics - is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. 

11. Francesco Redi – The Italian Doctor
It was previously thought that maggots spontaneously grew. Redi disproved this theory.
He took 8 jars of rotting meat and covered 4 with muslin (fabric). The jars with muslin developed no maggots but the open jars had maggots.
This is important because cells come from other cells.

12. Prokaryote Are unicellular – 1 Have no formed nucleus
Bacteria are prokaryotes

13. Eukaryote Have a Nucleus Are very organized.
Can be singular or multi-cellular.
All living things, except bacteria, are made of eukaryotic cells

14. Fun Facts The human body has more than 200 kinds of cells
The average adult body has 50 to 100 trillion cells

15. Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes. 

16. What’s Inside? Organelles
tiny structures within a cell that perform specific jobs to keep the cell alive

17. Important Organelles
Cytoplasm - gel-like material that fills the inside of cells Helps give the cell its shape
Cytoplasm

18. Important Organelles – Continued…
Cell Membrane - protects cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell Membrane

19. Important Organelles – Continued…
Nucleus - directs cell activities (brain) - Contains the genes of the cell
Nucleus

20. The Nucleolus Nucleolus- Contains RNA- Job - to produce Ribosomes
The nucleolus is located in the nucleus

21. Important Organelles – Continued…
Chromosomes - contains genetic information (DNA) - Every cell has chromosomes - Humans have 46 chromosomes in each nucleus except in gamete cells. The sex chromosomes are classified as either x or y - Females have two x chromosomes XX - Males have a x and a y chromosomes XY

22. Chromatin – Chromatid - Chromosomes
Chromatin is the thread like combination of DNA and protein
During cell division DNA replicates to produce two identical copies which connect at a centromere forming a sister chromatid pair appearing as an x shape.

23. Chromatin – Chromatid - Chromosomes
During mitosis the chromatid condense even more forming chromosomes.
When a cell divides, the sister chromatids separate, and each daughter cell receives one of the strands. The chromatid then decondenses into a long single chromatin strand.

24. DNA
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base.
The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code.
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce.
DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides.

25. RNA
Short for ribonucleic acid. The nucleic acid that is used in key metabolic processes for all steps of protein synthesis in all living cells and translates the genetic code.
Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides, and it occurs in a variety of lengths and shapes.
Thymine is replaced with Uracil

27. Important Organelles – Continued…
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Transports proteins to other parts of the cell ER

28. Important Organelles – Continued…
Ribosome - Sites of protein synthesis (makes proteins)

29. Important Organelles – Continued…
Mitochondria - the powerhouse of the cell (converts food and oxygen into energy for the cell)
Mitochondria

30. Important Organelles – Continued…
Golgi Apparatus aka Golgi Bodies – Stores and packages proteins
Golgi Body

31. Important Organelles – Continued…
Lysosome – Destroys and digests old organelles and waste
Lysosome

32. Important Organelles – Continued…
Vacuole - storage of food and water - Generally bigger in plants
Vacuole

33. Cells

34. Plant Cells Have two main differences from animal cells
1. Cell wall = a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds a cell
2. Chloroplasts = organelles found in plant and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis

35. Important Organelles – Continued…
Cell Wall - supports and protects PLANT cells (not found in animal cells)
Cell Wall

36. Important Organelles – Continued…
Chloroplast - takes energy from the sun and makes food for the PLANT cell (not found in Animal Cells)
Chloroplast