1. Kingdom Protista

2. Outline
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Chromophyta
Phylum Rhodophyta
Phylum Euglenophyta
Phylum Dinophyta
Phylum Cryptophyta
Phylum Prymnesiophyta
Phylum Charophyta
Phylum Myxomycota
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
Phylum Oomycota

3. Features of Kingdom Protista
All members have eukaryotic cells.
Individual life cycles vary considerably, but reproduction is generally by cell division and sexual processes.
Most multicellular members produce some motile cells.

4. Phylum Chlorophyta
The Green Algae
Includes about 7,500 species that occur in a rich variety of forms and occur in diverse, widespread habitats.
Greatest variety found in freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams.
Most have a single nucleus.
Most reproduce both sexually and asexually.

5. Phylum Chlorophyta
Chlamydomonas
Common inhabitant of freshwater pools.
Pair of whip-like flagella on one end pull the cell through the water.
Single, cup-shaped chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids inside.
Proteinaceous structures thought to contain starch synthesis enzymes.

6. Chlamydomonas

7. Chlamydomonas
Asexual Reproduction
Nucleus divides by mitosis, and cell contents become two daughter cells within the cellulose wall.
Develop flagella and swim away.

8. Sexual Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas

9. Phylum Chlorophyta
Ulothrix
Thread-like alga.
Single row of cylindrical cells forming a filament.
Basal cell functions as a holdfast.

10. Ulothrix Life Cycle

11. Phylum Chlorophyta
Spirogyra (Watersilk)
Common freshwater algae consisting of unbranched filaments of cylindrical cells.
Frequently float in masses at the surface of quiet waters.
Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation of existing filaments.
Sexual Reproduction
Papillae fuse and form conjugation tubes.

12. Spirogyra Sexual Reproduction

13. Phylum Chlorophyta
Oedogonium
Epiphytic filamentous green alga.
Each cell contains a large, netlike chloroplast that rolls and forms a tube around and toward the periphery of each protoplast.

15. Phylum Chlorophyta
Other Green Algae
Chorella - Widespread green alga composed of tiny spherical cells.
Reproduce by forming either daughter cells or autospores through mitosis.
Desmids - Mostly free-floating and unicellular.
Reproduce by conjugation.

16. Phylum Chlorophyta
Other Green Algae
Hydrodictyon (Water Nets) - Net-like, tubular colonies with hexagonal or polygonal meshes.
Asexual reproduction as well as isogamous sexual reproduction.
Volvox - Colonial green algae held together in a secretion of gelatinous material
Reproduction asexual or sexual.

17. Phylum Chlorophyta
Other Green Algae
Ulva (Sea Lettuce) - Multicellular seaweed with flattened green blades.
Isomorphic reproductive structures.
Cladophora - Branched, filamentous green alga with species represented in both fresh and marine waters.
Mostly multinucleate.

18. Phylum Chromophyta
The Yellow-Green Algae (Xanthophyceae)
Mostly freshwater organisms with a few marine and terrestrial representatives.
Two flagella of motile cells are oriented in opposite directions.
Aplanospores formed during asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction rare.

19. Phylum Chromophyta
The Golden-Brown Algae (Chrysophyceae)
Most occur in the plankton of bodies of fresh water.
Motile cells have two flagella of unequal length inserted at right angles to each other.
Photoreceptor on short flagellum.

20. Phylum Chromophyta
The Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)
Among best known and economically most important members of this phylum.
Mostly unicellular
Occur in both fresh and salt water.
Particularly abundant in colder marine habitats.

21. Reproduction in Diatoms

22. Phylum Chromophyta
The Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae)
Relatively Large
Most Marine
Non-Unicellular or Colonial
Many have a thallus differentiated into a holdfast, a stipe, and blades.
Blades may have gas-filled bladders.
Sargassum - Floating Brown Seaweed
Fucus - Common Rockweed

23. Brown Alga Nereocystis

25. Phylum Rhodophyta
The Red Algae
Most species are seaweed.
Tend to occur in warmer and deeper waters than brown algae.
Most are filamentous.
Relatively complex life cycle involving three types of thallus structures.
Colors mostly due to phycobilins.
Numbers of species produce agar.

27. Phylum Euglenophyta
The Euglenoids
Spindle-shaped.
No cell wall, thus changes shape as it moves.
Sub-membrane strips and membrane form pellicle.
Contains gullet.
Contains red eyespot.
Reproduction by cell division.

29. Phylum Dinophyta
The Dinoflagellates
Unicellular
Contain two flagella.
One trails behind the cell.
Other encircles the cell at right angles.
Most have disc-shaped chloroplasts.
Contain xanthophyll pigments.
Many have tiny projectiles.
Many types of toxins produced. (Red Tides)

30. Dinoflagellates

31. Phylum Cryptophyta
The Cryptomonads
Asymmetrical, unicellular marine and freshwater algae with two flagella.
Single two-lobed chloroplast with starch granules surrounding a central pyrenoid.
Distinctive nucleomorph
Gullet
Ejectosomes
Reproduction by mitosis

32. Cryptomonas

33. Phylum Prymnesiophyta
The Haptophytes
Most are unicellular, with two smooth flagella of similar length inserted at the apex.
Flagella aid in food capture.

34. Phylum Charophyta
The Stoneworts
Primarily aquatic organisms of shallow, freshwater lakes and ponds.
Often precipitate calcium salts on their surfaces.
Axil with short lateral branches in whorls.
Sexual reproduction is oogamous.

35. Human and Ecological Relevance of Algae
Diatoms
Oils are sources of vitamins.
Diatomaceous Earth
Filtration
Polishes
Reflectorized Paint
Other Algae
Chlorella
Potential human food source.

36. Human and Ecological Relevance Algae
Algin
Produced by giant kelp.
Ice Cream, Salad Dressing
Latex Paint, Textiles, Ceramics
Regulates water behavior.
Agar
Produced by red alga Gelidium.
Solidifier of nutrient culture media for growth of bacteria.

37. Phylum Myxomycota
The Plasmodial Slime Molds
Totally without chlorophyll and are incapable of producing their own food.
Distinctly animal-like during much of life cycle, but fungus-like during reproduction.
Plasmodium converts into separate small sporangia (each containing spores) during times of significant environmental changes.

38. Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
The Cellular Slime Molds
About two dozen species of cellular slime molds are not closely related to the other slime molds.
Individual amoebalike cells feed independently, dividing and producing separate new cells periodically.
Human and Ecological Relevance
Break down organic particles to simpler substances.

39. Phylum Oomycota
The Water Molds
Often found on dead insects.
Range in form from single spherical cells to branching, threadlike, coenocytic hyphae.
Coenocytic hyphae may form large thread masses (mycelia).

41. Review
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Chromophyta
Phylum Rhodophyta
Phylum Euglenophyta
Phylum Dinophyta
Phylum Cryptophyta
Phylum Prymnesiophyta
Phylum Charophyta
Phylum Myxomycota
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
Phylum Oomycota

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