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5. BIRTH, OR PARTURITION Stages of labor
Stage one—period from onset of uterine contractions until dilation of the cervix is complete
Stage two—period from the time of maximal cervical dilation until the baby exits through the vagina
Stage three—process of expulsion of the placenta through the vagina
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6. POSTNATAL PERIOD
Postnatal period begins at birth and lasts until death
Divisions of postnatal period into isolated time frames can be misleading; life is a continuous process; growth and development are continuous
Obvious changes in the physical appearance of the body—in whole and in proportion—occur between birth and maturity (Figure 21-9)
Divisions of postnatal period
Infancy
Childhood
Adolescence and adulthood
Older adulthood
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8. POSTNATAL PERIOD Infancy
First 4 weeks called neonatal period (Figure 21-10)
Neonatology—medical and nursing specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the newborn
Many cardiovascular changes occur at the time of birth; fetus is totally dependent on mother, whereas the newborn must immediately become totally self-supporting (in respect to respiration and circulation)
Respiratory changes at birth include a deep and forceful first breath
Developmental changes between the neonatal period and 18 months include:
Doubling of birth weight by 4 months and tripling by 1 year
50% increase in body length by 12 months
Development of normal spinal curvature by 15 months (Figure 21-11)
Ability to raise head by 3 months
Ability to crawl by 10 months
Ability to stand alone by 12 months
Ability to run by 18 months
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11. POSTNATAL PERIOD Childhood
Extends from end of infancy to puberty—13 years in girls and 15 in boys
Overall rate of growth remains rapid but decelerates
Continuing development of motor and coordination skills
Loss of deciduous (baby) teeth and eruption of permanent teeth
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12. POSTNATAL PERIOD Adolescence and adulthood
Average age range of adolescence varies; usually considered to be from 13 to 19 years
Period of rapid growth resulting in sexual maturity (adolescence)
Appearance of secondary sex characteristics regulated by secretion of sex hormones
Growth spurt typical of adolescence; begins in girls at about 10 and in boys at about 12 (Figure 21-12)
Growth plates fully close in adult; other structures such as the sinuses assume adult placement
Adulthood characterized by maintenance of existing body tissues
Degeneration of body tissue begins in adulthood
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14. POSTNATAL PERIOD Older adulthood (Figure 21-13)
Degenerative changes characterize older adulthood (also called senescence)
Every organ system of the body undergoes degenerative changes
Senescence culminates in death
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16. EFFECTS OF AGING Skeletal system Integumentary system (skin)
Aging causes changes in the texture, calcification, and shape of bones
Bone spurs develop around joints
Bones become porous and fracture easily
Degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis are common
Integumentary system (skin)
With age, skin “sags” and becomes thin, dry, wrinkled
Pigmentation problems are common
Frequently thinning or loss of hair occurs
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17. EFFECTS OF AGING Urinary system
Nephron units decrease in number by 50% between ages 30 and 75
Blood flow to kidney decreases and therefore ability to form urine decreases
Bladder problems such as inability to void completely are caused by muscle wasting in the bladder wall
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18. EFFECTS OF AGING Respiratory system
Calcification of costal cartilages causes rib cage to remain in expanded position—barrel chest
Wasting of respiratory muscles decreases respiratory efficiency
Respiratory membrane thickens; movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood is slowed
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19. EFFECTS OF AGING Cardiovascular system
Degenerative heart and blood vessel disease is among the most common and serious effects of aging
Fat deposits in blood vessels (atherosclerosis) decrease blood flow to the heart and may cause complete blockage of the coronary arteries
Hardening of arteries (arteriosclerosis) may result in rupture of blood vessels, especially in the brain (stroke)
Hypertension or high blood pressure is common in older adulthood
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20. EFFECTS OF AGING Special senses
All sense organs show a gradual decline in performance with age
Eye lenses become hard and cannot accommodate for near vision; result is farsightedness in many people by age 45 (presbyopia, or “old eye”)
Loss of transparency of lens or cornea is common (cataract)
Glaucoma (increase in pressure in eyeball) is often the cause of blindness in older adulthood
Loss of hair cells in inner ear produces frequency deafness in many older people
Decreased transmission of sound waves caused by loss of elasticity of eardrum and fixing of the bony ear ossicles is common in older adulthood
Some degree of hearing impairment is universally present in the aged
Only about 40% of the taste buds present at age 30 remain at age :--
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21. And Then You
DIE!!!
The END
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