1. How Free Energy Depends on P
___________
So:
For a perfect gas
where G° is the ___________ _______defined at P°=1 bar
At equilibrium and constant P and T:
The equilibrium constant, Keq, is “________ ___ _________ ”:
So:
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

2. How Free Energy Depends on T
definition
constant ___
fundamental eqn.
from (3 & 1)
But
______________Equation
substitute (4) in (5)
alternative form:
By applying the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to both __________ and ______________ of a chemical reaction, 
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

3. The Chemical Potential
So far, our thermodynamic relations apply to ______________ systems. However, G, U, H, etc. are ____________ properties.
_______ ______________ _______ are used to describe quantities which depend on composition.
In general
Chemical Potential
The chemical potential for a pure substance is the ______________ ______________ energy:
 For a perfect gas
like eq 5.3.5
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

4. Basic Thermodynamic Relations
Laws
Definitions
Fundamental Equations
With ___________ ______________ :
etc.
_________ potential
also: 
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

5. Modified by Jed Macosko
Free Energy of Mixing 1
Consider the mixing of two ______________ gases A and B at constant T and P.
Before:
where
After mixing:
___________
Change:
Mixing is ______________.
Entropy of Mixing
Enthalpy of Mixing
Similarly,
for ideal gases and solutions
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

6. Modified by Jed Macosko
Free Energy of Mixing 2
For a binary system, DGmix is at its ______________ and DSmix at its _______________ when
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1 cA
DSmix cB
DGmix
Equilibrium and Mixing:
Consider an equilibrium between two ideal gases
Gmix
composition B A G
Gpure
Gtotal
The equilibrium composition is determined by the minimum in ___________.
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

7. Modified by Jed Macosko
Reaction Equilibrium 1
Consider
Suppose an amount dx of A turns into B.
Then 
like what is done in
µA and µB depend on composition, and therefore ___________ during the reaction.
If µA ___ µB the reaction proceeds from A  B.
If µA ___ µB the reaction proceeds from B  A. x B A G 1 eq
At equilibrium
see 5.3.6
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

8. Modified by Jed Macosko
Reaction Equilibrium 2
A reaction such as 2A + 3B  C + 2D can be written as
0 = –________ +C +2D
or completely ________ as
Then
and at ________ ,
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

9. Equilibrium Constants
Consider
________________ Equilibrium Constant
Some books still refer to the pressure equilibrium constant
which in general has pressure units
The equilibrium constant can also be expressed
in ________ ________ :
and in _______________ :
where
for this example
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

10. Equilibrium Calculations
2 NO Cl2  2 ____
stoichiometry
initial moles
during reaction
______ _____
____ ________
The value of a at equilibrium (and thus the equilibrium composition of the reaction mixture) depends on ________.
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

11. Temperature Dependence of KP
________ ________
substitute
___ _____ Equation
1/T
ln K or
Exothermic reactions: DH < 0 so K _____ with increasing T.
Endothermic reactions: DH > 0 so K ____ with increasing T.
Integrating,
or from
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019

12. Pressure Dependence of Equilibrium
Since ,
But,
ideal gas
Although the _____________ equilibrium constant does not depend on pressure, the K for ______ ____ does if
The equilibrium composition depends on pressure if
____ ________ Principle
A system at equilibrium, when subjected to a perturbation, responds in a way that tends to minimize the effect.
Modified by Jed Macosko
1/17/2019