1. Safety in LAB Chemistry
Prepared by :
Pshtiwan Ghareeb Ali
Bsc. In Pharmacy
Lab. Assistant

2. Contents
Introduction Safety Rules Good Laboratory Practices Basic Laboratory Equipments Chemical hazards

3. Introduction Welcome to the Chemistry Lab
The chemistry laboratory can be a place of enjoyment, discovery, and learning. It can also be a place of frustration—and danger. Although every effort has been made in this year experiments to minimize exposure to hazardous, toxic, or carcinogenic substances, there is an unavoidable hazard involved in using a variety of chemicals and glass apparatus.

4. Laboratory bench at Texas Tech University after an explosion
Laboratory bench at Texas Tech University after an explosion. Two students were seriously injured.

5. Follow instructor and laboratory instruction directions carefully

6. Safety Rules 1
The most important rule is that safety goggles or safety glasses with side panels must be worn at all times in the laboratory. Wearing safety glasses in the laboratory is mandatory, regardless of what you are doing.
If any chemical comes in contact with the eye, the
most effective first aid is to flush the eye immediately
with a steady stream of tap water for 5 minutes

7. Safety rules 2
Fire is always a danger. Always wear protective clothing in the laboratory , This means long trousers, a long skirt, close-toed shoes, and a lab coat buttoned up to the to Short trousers, mini-skirts. Wear clothing that protects against exposure and provides protection from spills.
Some synthetic fabrics (polyester) melt and stick to the skin when they catch fire, we recommend that you wear old clothes made of cotton, or a cotton labcoat or laboratory apron. Cotton shirts are more fire resistant and a pair of cotton jeans affords some protection to the legs from minor spills

8. Gloves
Protective gloves should be used, especially when corrosive and hazardous chemicals are handled. Depending on the type of glove, specific precautions are needed because no material can protect against all chemicals. Before use (especially latex), make sure that the gloves are in good condition, i.e. without holes, punctures, or tears. Gloves that have been pierced by reagents should be disposed of in the appropriate waste container.

9. The most commonly used materials to make gloves are:
• Plastic. Protects against mild corrosives and irritants. • Latex. Provides light protection against irritants (some people may be allergic to latex). • Natural rubber. Protects against mild corrosives and electric shock. • Neoprene. Protects against solvents, oils, or slightly corrosive substances. • Cotton. Absorbs perspiration and keeps objects clean as they are handled; often with a fire retardant. • Zetex. Protects when manipulating small hot objects. When working with extremely corrosive materials (e.g. HF), wear thick gloves.

10. Chemical resistance of common types of gloves to various compounds
Gloves should be removed before leaving the laboratory to avoid contamination and also before touching everyday objects such as cell phones, notebooks, pens, computers, etc.
In addition, care must be taken when remove gloves. The correct way is to pull from the wrist to the fingertips, making sure that the outside of the gloves does not touch the skin.

11. Mask
Protective masks guard the air passages against particles, gases, and vapors. The most common are: • Masks. Act as a barrier against particles and dust. They are easy to use and the most widespread. • Filtering devices. Consist of a filter and facepiece. The filter is designed to act as a barrier to particles (mechanical filters) such as vapors and/or gases (chemical filters), or a combination of the two (mixed filters), while the adapter can be a face mask or mouthpiece

12. Rules 3
Bare feet are not allowed in the chemistry laboratory. Broken glass and spilled chemicals, such as concentrated acids, are all too common on the floors of chemistry labs. Wear shoes that protect the tops of the feet from spills; don’t wear sandals or flip-flops.

13. Rules 4
Minor burns, cuts, and scratches are fairly common injuries. However, you must report every such injury to your instructor, who will determine what first aid is appropriate.

14. Rules 5
The vapors of a number of solutions are quite potent and can irritate or damage the mucous membranes of the nasal passages and the throat. Use the technique displayed in the Figure1.1. when you need to note the odor of a gas or vapor.

15. Rules 6
In many experiments, it is necessary to heat solutions in test tubes. Never apply heat to the bottom of the tube; always apply it to the point at which the solution is highest in the tube, working downward if necessary. Be extremely careful about the direction in which you point a tube; a suddenly formed bubble of vapor may eject the contents violently (an occurrence called bumping).
Do not heat flammable liquids
with a Bunsen burner or other
open flame

16. Rules
7. Avoid tasting anything in the laboratory. (Poisonous substances are not always labeled as such in the laboratory.) Do not use the laboratory as an eating place, and do not eat or drink from laboratory glassware. Do not smoke or use smokeless tobacco products, chew gum, or take medications in the laboratory. 8. Perform no unauthorized experiments. 9. Never work in the laboratory alone. 10. Beware of hot glass tubing; it looks cool long before it can be handled safely.

17. Rules 11
Use the chemical hood when working with volatile chemicals, flammable liquids or gases, or odorous chemicals, or when there is a possibility of the release of toxic gases , vapors, powders, or dusts

18. Rule 12
Neutralize a spilled acid or base as follows: (a) Acid on clothing, use dilute sodium bicarbonate solution; (b) base on clothing, use boric acid solution (50 g/L); (c) acid or base on the desk, use solid sodium bicarbonate for either, followed by water.

19. Good Laboratory Practices
These practices are designed to guide you in developing efficient laboratory techniques and in making your laboratory a pleasant place to work

20. Good Laboratory Practices
1-Read each experiment thoroughly before entering the lab. If you do not, you will waste a great deal of time (both your own and your instructor’s), you may expose yourself and others to unnecessary hazards, and you will probably not obtain reliable, useful data. (You will also routinely fail all pre-lab quizzes if your instructor chooses to use them.)

21. Good Laboratory Practices
2-Don’t throw matches, litmus, or any insoluble solids into the sink. Labeled waste containers should be provided to collect hazardous solid or liquid wastes. 3-Leave reagent bottles at the side shelves. Bring test tubes or beakers to the shelf to obtain chemicals. 4-Read the label twice before taking anything from a bottle.

22. Good Laboratory Practices
5-Avoid using excessive amounts of reagent—1 to 3 mL is usually ample for test-tube reactions. 6-Never return unused chemicals to the stock bottle. You may make a mistake that later will cause other students’ experiments to suffer. 7-Don’t insert your own pipets or medicine droppers into the reagent bottles. Avoid contamination of the stock solution by pouring only what you need into a small, clean beaker or test tube.

23. Good Laboratory Practices
8-Don’t lay down the stopper of a bottle. The stopper may pick up impurities and thus contaminate the solution when the stopper is returned. 9. Don’t heat thick glassware such as volumetric flasks, graduated cylinders, or bottles; they break easily, and heating distorts the glass so that the calibrations are no longer valid (see Figure I-3). If test tubes are heated above the liquid level, they may break and then splash liquid over the hot glass. Evaporating dishes and crucibles may be heated red hot. Avoid heating any apparatus too suddenly; apply the flame intermittently at first

24. Fig.1.3. If heat is applied to the wrong type of laboratory apparatus, the outcome can be disastrous. NEVER heat a graduated cylinder or bottle.

25. Methods for transferring powders and crystals
Methods for transferring liquids. When handling corrosive materials, latex gloves should be worn to protect the skin
Methods for transferring powders and crystals

26. Basic Laboratory Equipment
Ascertain that all items are present and examine them carefully to be sure they are in acceptable condition. You are responsible for the equipments and may be charged for any breakage or shortage at the conclusion of the course.

27. You should know the purpose and proper use of each

28. Care of laboratory glassware
Examine all glassware for cracks and chips. When heated, flasks or beakers with cracks may break and cause injury. Small chips in borosilicate glassware can sometimes be eliminated by fire polishing; otherwise, chipped glassware should be discarded because it is easy to cut oneself on sharp glass edges. The recommended procedure for cleaning glassware is to wash the object carefully with a brush in hot water and detergent, then rinse thoroughly with tap water, and finally rinse once again with a small quantity of distilled or deionized water. Then allow the glassware to drain dry overnight. If you must use a piece of glassware while it is still wet, rinse it with the solution to be used.

29. Continuous your Evaluation. Be careful.

30. Chemical hazards
A chemical hazard is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace

31. Definitions associated with chemical hazards

32. NFPA Diamond. The fire diamond may be found in chemical laboratories.

36. What do you do in case of an accident