1. HOW IT IS SUPPOSED TO WORK
Lecture 3
Tuesday, January 30
THE MARKET:
HOW IT IS SUPPOSED TO WORK

2. ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
 I. THE OVERALL ARGUMENT
ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
Markets are a desirable feature of complex economies for two basic reasons:
1) Markets can contribute in significant ways to efficiency and prosperity
2) Market exchanges can contribute to individual freedom.  
However:
3) The unregulated free market with minimal government intervention ends up deeply limiting individual freedom, restricting prosperity and undermining efficiency.
Conclusion:
4) What we need are democratically accountable market institutions. 

3. ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
 I. THE OVERALL ARGUMENT
ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
Markets are a desirable feature of complex economies for two basic reasons:
1) Markets can contribute in significant ways to efficiency and prosperity
2) Market exchanges can contribute to individual freedom.  
However:
3) The unregulated free market with minimal government intervention ends up deeply limiting individual freedom, restricting prosperity and undermining efficiency.
Conclusion:
4) What we need are democratically accountable market institutions. 

4. ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
 I. THE OVERALL ARGUMENT
ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
Markets are a desirable feature of complex economies for two basic reasons:
1) Markets can contribute in significant ways to efficiency and prosperity
2) Market exchanges can contribute to individual freedom.  
However:
3) The unregulated free market with minimal government intervention ends up deeply limiting individual freedom, restricting prosperity and undermining efficiency.
Conclusion:
4) What we need are democratically accountable market institutions. 

5. ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
 I. THE OVERALL ARGUMENT
ABOUT CAPITALISM & MARKETS
Markets are a desirable feature of complex economies for two basic reasons:
1) Markets can contribute in significant ways to efficiency and prosperity
2) Market exchanges can contribute to individual freedom.  
However:
3) The unregulated free market with minimal government intervention ends up deeply limiting individual freedom, restricting prosperity and undermining efficiency.
Conclusion:
4) What we need are democratically accountable market institutions. 

6. Question:
Are there goods and services which you think should NOT be produced and distributed by free markets?
Babies
Sexual services
Body parts
National parks

7. II. WHAT IS CAPITALISM?
Definition. Capitalism is not just a free market economy. It is a market economy with two other critical elements:
(1) Economic enterprises are owned privately, not by the state or by communities or by the workers.
(2) The labor that is used to produce goods and services in those enterprises is obtained through voluntary market exchange: the labor market. U.S.

8. III. TWO PRIMARY ARGUMENTS IN DEFENSE OF CAPITALIST MARKETS
1. MORAL ARGUMENT:
capitalist markets promote freedom
2. PRAGMATIC ARGUMENT:
capitalist markets promote efficiency & prosperity.

9. III. TWO PRIMARY ARGUMENTS IN DEFENSE OF CAPITALIST MARKETS
1. MORAL ARGUMENT:
capitalist markets promote freedom
2. PRAGMATIC ARGUMENT:
capitalist markets promote efficiency & prosperity.

10. III. TWO PRIMARY ARGUMENTS IN DEFENSE OF CAPITALIST MARKETS
1. MORAL ARGUMENT:
capitalist markets promote freedom
2. PRAGMATIC ARGUMENT:
capitalist markets promote efficiency & prosperity.

11. The moral argument
Markets promote individual freedom since in a free market all transactions are the result of voluntary agreements – no one is forced to do anything.
Freedom here = negative freedom

12. The pragmatic argument
The central problem needing a solution =
cooperation & coordination in a complex world
Two basic solutions:
Planning and command
Markets and voluntary exchange
DEFINE PRAGMATIC: A “Pragmatic” defense means that something works better than alternatives; it is the best way to solve a practical problem.
GIVE EXAMPLE: BUILDING A HOUSE

13. How do markets solve the problem?
Supply & demand prices Coordination through information and incentives generated by prices.
Implication: Consumer Sovereignty and allocative efficiency

14. Two Kinds of Efficiency in Markets
Allocative Efficiency: the distribution of things is “Pareto optimal”
Dynamic Efficiency: optimal innovation and growth through incentives for risk taking

15. The Technical idea of allocative efficiency:
Pareto Optimality
Optimality = the best possible outcome of a process
Pareto Optimality = a distribution of things such that no one can be made better off without someone becoming worse off.
Pareto suboptimality = a situation in which by redistributing things at least one person could be made better off without anyone becoming worse off.
Basic claim about markets: free markets generate Pareto optimality of distributions of things exchanged on the market
Example: Example of randomly distributing oranges and apples ion a classroom

16. The Technical idea of allocative efficiency:
Pareto Optimality
Optimality = the best possible outcome of a process
Pareto Optimality = a distribution of things such that no one can be made better off without someone becoming worse off.
Pareto suboptimality = a situation in which by redistributing things at least one person could be made better off without anyone becoming worse off.
Basic claim about markets: free markets generate Pareto optimality of distributions of things exchanged on the market
Example: Example of randomly distributing oranges and apples ion a classroom

17. The Technical idea of allocative efficiency:
Pareto Optimality
Optimality = the best possible outcome of a process
Pareto Optimality = a distribution of things such that no one can be made better off without someone becoming worse off.
Pareto suboptimality = a situation in which by redistributing things at least one person could be made better off without anyone becoming worse off.
Basic claim about markets: free markets generate Pareto optimality of distributions of things exchanged on the market
Example: Example of randomly distributing oranges and apples ion a classroom

18. The Technical idea of allocative efficiency:
Pareto Optimality
Optimality = the best possible outcome of a process
Pareto Optimality = a distribution of things such that no one can be made better off without someone becoming worse off.
Pareto suboptimality = a situation in which by redistributing things at least one person could be made better off without anyone becoming worse off.
Basic claim about markets: free markets generate Pareto optimality of distributions of things exchanged on the market
Example: Example of randomly distributing oranges and apples ion a classroom

19. The Technical idea of allocative efficiency:
Pareto Optimality
Optimality = the best possible outcome of a process
Pareto Optimality = a distribution of things such that no one can be made better off without someone becoming worse off.
Pareto suboptimality = a situation in which by redistributing things at least one person could be made better off without anyone becoming worse off.
Basic claim about markets: free markets generate Pareto optimality of distributions of things exchanged on the market
Example: Example of randomly distributing oranges and apples ion a classroom

20. IV. The Market & Limited Government
Two core arguments against state interference with the market:
1. Moral argument:
State coercion inherently reduces freedom, therefore limited government is better than an affirmative state
2. Pragmatic argument:
State incompetence & state malevolence
(1) state incompetence: unintended negative effects of government intervention are pervasive  this mucks up efficiency of free market. Why should unintended consequences of state action be any less than private action?
State malevolence: Frankenstein effect: building up the state to do good things  create an apparatus in which (a) bureaucrats pursue their own interests and enrich themselves at the expense of the people, and (b) powerful private actors can capture for their own particularistic purposes. This is heart of Trumps attack on “The Washington Establishment”