1. 14 principles for learning
What Cognitive Science says about how you learn!

2. Students learn ideas by reference to ideas they already know
ANALOGIES
SCHEMA

3. WORKED EXAMPLES MODELLING MULTI MODAL
To learn anything it must transfer from working memory to long term memory
WORKED EXAMPLES
MODELLING
MULTI MODAL

4. Cognitive development does not progress through age related stages
MASTERY
DELIBERATE PRACTICE

5. Students need to think about meaning when they encounter ‘to be remembered’ material
STORIES
MNEMONICS

6. Practice is essential to learning new facts/skills
SPACED RETREIVAL
INTERLEAVING

7. DESIRABLE DIFFICULTIES
Each subject area has some set of facts that if committed to long term memory aids problem solving
DESIRABLE DIFFICULTIES

8. Effective feedback is essential to acquiring new knowledge
SPECIFIC
HELPFUL
CLEAR

9. Teachers should ensure students have sufficient background knowledge to appreciate context
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

10. Compare problems to different contexts
Compare problems to different contexts. Identify the sub steps required for solving a problem
REAL LIFE APPLICATION

11. Intelligence and ability can be improved through hard work
EFFORT TRUMPS TALENT

12. Self-determined motivation leads to better long term outcomes than controlled motivation
GROWTH MINDSET

13. The ability to monitor their own thinking can help students identify what they do and don’t know
SELF TESTING

14. Students will be more successful where they are encouraged to respond to critical feedback
HIGH STANDARDS

15. Students have different learning styles MYTH
Humans use only 10% of their brains MYTH
People are preferentially right or left brained MYTH
Novices and experts can think in the same ways MYTH
Cognitive development progresses via age related stages MYTH