1. Ancient China
Power point created by Robert L. Martinez

2. Shang China rose in the Hwang Ho River Valley (also known as the Yellow River Valley)…and like other river-basin communities, used its stable agricultural surplus to build a trade-centered civilization.

3. …and like other river-basin communities, used its stable agricultural surplus to build a trade-centered civilization.

4. At its height, Shang controlled large parts of northern China and was militarily quite powerful.

5. Thousands of its workers built walls around the towns and cities along the river; its warriors used chariots to defeat their enemies.

7. The Shang dynasty controlled the Yellow River Valley from around 1600 to around 1100 B.C.E.

8. Shang China limited contact with the rest of the world, though it did trade with distant Mesopotamia.

9. The Shang were so isolated, in fact, they believed themselves to be at the center of the world, which explains why they called their civilization
“All Under Heaven.”

10. This belief contributed to the Shang’s ethnocentric attitude, which means they considered themselves superior to all others.

11. The Shang certainly had reasons to be proud
The Shang certainly had reasons to be proud. Not only were they accomplished bronze workers, but they also used horse-drawn chariots…

12. … developed the spoked wheel, and became experts in the production of pottery and silk.

14. What’s more, they devised a decimal system and a highly accurate calendar.

15. An important institution in many ancient civilizations across the globe was the extended family, but nowhere was it more important than in Shang China.

16. Multiple generations of the same family lived in the same household, which was a patriarchal institution (led by the eldest male.)

17. Moreover, Shang religion held that gods controlled all aspects of people’s lives.

18. These people believed they could call on the spirits of their dead ancestors to act as their advocates with the gods. This gave the extended family even greater significance.

19. Around 1100 B.C.E., the Shang were ousted by Wu Wang, who established the Zhou Dynasty (Chou Dynasty), though the Zhou maintained many of the traditions and customs developed under the Shang Dynasty.

20. The Zhou ruled China for nearly 900 years, longer than any other dynasty.

21. The Zhou Dynasty believed in what was called the Mandate of Heaven, meaning that heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely.

22. Put another way, the Zhou Dynasty would remain in power only as long as it had the blessing of heaven.

23. The Zhou developed a feudal system in China, similar to that of Europe during the Middle Ages.

24. The king was the ruler of the entire empire, but because it was too big for one person to manage, nobles were given power over smaller regions within the empire. This worked out well for a couple hundred years.

25. The king gave each noble protection as long as the noble remained loyal to him.

26. But as time passed, a number of the nobles built up a lot of wealth and power within the regions under their control and eventually split off into independent kingdoms.

27. Some of the most complex kingdoms developed bureaucracies within their government, which was a way of organizing government tasks by department, or bureau, so that different parts of the government could specialize and stabilize.

28. A bureaucratic form of government remained popular in China for thousands of years.

29. Eventually fighting and warfare among the feudal kingdoms brought an end to the Zhou Dynasty in 256 B.C.E.