1. Ancient India to Modern India
The Indus River Valley
Ancient India to Modern India

2. Himalayan Mountains
Khyber Pass
Hindu-Kush Mtns.
Mesopotamia
Indus R.
Persian Gulf
Indian Ocean
Indus River Valley

3. Geography of the Indus Located along the Indus River
In Pakistan
Plenty of natural barriers
Indian Ocean
Hindu-Kush and Himalayan Mtns
Was almost completely isolated from all other groups
Only way in was thru the Khyber Pass
Area in mountains that was easily traveled

4. Geographic Similarities to Mesopotamia & Egypt
Indus River flooded
Flooded unpredictably like the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Provided fertile soil (silt) to the land
Had natural protection like Egypt
Mountains instead of desert
Used the river and seas for trade
Were able to trade w/ Mesopotamians

5. Geographic Differences to Mesopotamia & Egypt
Considered a subcontinent
Subcontinent- area of land that is connected, but that is almost totally separated by natural barriers
Suffered from monsoons
Monsoons- seasonal WINDS (not rain) that creates large climate changes to an area
Wet and dry seasons – created by the monsoon winds

6. Those same winds would change between the months of October and May, creating a dry period as the wind blew dry cold air off the mountains
These monsoon winds created terrible problems of not only flooding but also drought for the people of the early Indus valley
Seasonal winds (monsoons) bring large amounts of moist air into the area of India between the months of June and September causing terrible flooding from the rivers

7. Indus Valley Civilization
Very little is known about them
Thought to have started around 3200 BC
First major cities built around 2500 BC
Built cities out of red clay bricks
Had amazing city planning
City was set up in a grid-like system, like NYC
Also had a fortified (protected)area- called a citadel
Two most advanced cities of Indus were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

8. Advancements of the Indus Valley Civilization
Planned cities- huge advancement in the building of cities
Also had bricks made to similar sizes
Created the 1st plumbing systems
Homes had private bathrooms w/ clay pipes underneath to drain waste
Had public baths as well
Had no social classes and little evidence of religion, but the early beliefs of Hinduism
all homes look the same across cities
Only little evidence of weaponry or war

9. Cities of Indus River Valley
                                                                                                                   
Example of plumbing/ toilet
Grid system of Indus River Valley

14. The Decline and the End of the Indus River Valley
Not sure how civilization actually ended
Think that river changed course or that the land was over grazed
Also think that new invaders known as Aryans also led to the end of the Indus civilization
Possible natural disaster/earthquake