1. Chapter 2 Movement analysis
GCSE PE
AQA
Chapter 2
Movement analysis

2. Key terms
Fulcrum: The part of a lever system that pivots; joints are the fulcrums in the body’s lever systems.
Resistance: The load to be moved by a lever system; usually this involves weight when the body’s lever systems are involved.
Effort: The force applied to move the resistance or weight; in the body, the effort is provided by muscles exerting a force.

3. What do I need to know? The classification of different levers.
Sporting examples for each of the different levers.
Mechanical advantages of each lever.

4. First class lever
It has the fulcrum lying between the effort and the resistance.
An example of a first class level in the human body is the way the tricep muscle of the arm acts during extension.
The elbow is the fulcrum and the hand is the load.
The effort is applied by the tricep muscle to move the resistance in the hand.

5. RECAP

6. Second class lever
A second class lever is whee the fulcrum lies at one end with the effort at the other end. The resistance them list in the middle of the effort and the fulcrum.
Found at the ankle, where the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion.
Triple/long/jump take off.

7. Third class lever
The fulcrum is located at one end and the resistance is at the other end of the lever. The effort is located between the fulcrum and the resistance.
The majority of the body’s joints act as this class levers; for example, the biceps acting at the elbow to cause deflexion acts as a third class lever.

8. Key term
Mechanical advantage: The benefit to a lever system of having either a short effort arm - giving rapid movements over a large range of movement - or a short resistance arm - giving the advantages of being able to move a heavy weight.

9. Mechanical advantage First class lever
Disadvantage of system
Can move large load with little effort
Not able to move load as far or as fast as third class lever
Effort arm is much shorter than the resistance arm.

10. Mechanical advantage Second class lever
Disadvantage of system
Can move large load with little effort
Not able to move load as far or as fast as third class lever

11. Mechanical advantage Third class lever
Mechanical disadvantage
Advantage of system
Effort arm is short so muscle has to work harder to lift the load, the effort required is greater that the force exerted by the load
Load moves further giving a wide range of movement so can gain speed
Effort arm is much shorter than the resistance arm.

12. Key term Agonist: The prime mover - muscle that causes the movement.
Antagonist: Muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract.
Tendon: Attach muscles to bones.
Isotonic: Muscle action where the muscle changes length - causes movement.
Isometric - Muscle action where the muscle stays the same length - used in balances
Concentric - Isotonic contractile where the muscle shortens.
Eccentric - Isotonic contact where the muscles lengthens - used to control downward movements.

13. Muscle contraction for movement
Concentric example: Bending the elbow from straight to fully flexed, caused by a concentric contraction of the bicep muscles.
Eccentric example: The downward phase of a press up, the triceps contract eccentrically to slow the movement down. Similarly, in a squat, the quadriceps contracts eccentrically to lower the body slowly towards the ground.

14. Planes
Movements are described as taking place in one of there planes. At a simple level, these three plans are:
Sagittal - forward or backward movements
Frontal - Side to side movements
Transverse - rotational or turning movement

15. Axis Transverse axis passes through body from left to right
Sagittal passes through body front to back
Longitudinal axis passes through body from top to bottom.

16. Key terms
Sagittal plane and transverse axis: plane and axis for forward and backwards movements - direction for extension and flexion.
Frontal place and sagittal axis: Plane and axis for side to side movements - direction for abduction and adduction.
Transverse plane and longitudinal axis: Plane and axis for rotating movements - direction for rotations and spins.