1. Civil waR cAUSES

2. Lesson 1: Tensions over Slavery and popular sovereignty
Unit 4: A Nation Divided
Lesson 1: Tensions over Slavery and popular sovereignty

3. Bell Ringer
What are the noticeable differences b/t the North and the South?
How might these tangible differences lead to larger issues?

4. Slavery and the Southern Economy
The South was mainly agricultural with little manufacturing
The main crops during the mid 1800s were rice and cotton, both of which required extensive labor to produce
Though slavery was prevalent in the South, the majority of Southerners did not own slaves
Image from:

5. Slavery: The North and South and Westward Expansion
-Most states had emancipated their slaves or outlawed slavery by 1800s
-Didn’t want slavery to spread to the West
-Opposed slavery for political, moral, or economic reasons
South:
-Southern farms dependent upon slave labor
-Wanted to have power in Congress in order to expand Slavery
Westward expansion continued to bring this issue forward: what do we do with new territories?

6. New Western Territory
In 1819 the U.S. consisted of 11 free and 11 slave states
Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state in 1819
To off set the imbalance, Maine applied for statehood as a
free state
The Missouri Compromise granted statehood to both
No slavery above Missouri Compromise Line (36*30’ latitude)
Temporary
solution to
slavery issue

7.
The link on the map is to the following video:

8. The fix worked…for 30 years
Fast forward to 1849: CA gold rush causes CA to SOAR in population size. In CA applied for statehood as free state, causing a problem of unequal # of free and slave states again.
But, the 36*30’ line won’t solve the problem as it cut CA in half

9. Compromise of 1850 1. California became free state
The compromise:
1. California became free state
2. Slave trade ended in D.C. but could keep slaves they already had.
3. New Mexico and Utah territories could decide for themselves if they would be free or slave states. (Popular Sovereignty)
4. Fugitive Slave Act: Runaway slaves to free states must be returned to their owners. (Many Northerners refused to obey)

10. Bell Ringer What was the Missouri Compromise?
What was the line called?
What are the components of the Compromise of 1850?

12. Early 1800s: Strengthening of the Abolition Movement
As the political discussion of slavery became more intense, so did the social movement to end slavery
Abolitionist: an individual who wants to end slavery
Grimke Sisters: South Carolina sisters who moved north to promote the abolitionist movement
William Lloyd Garrison became one of the country’s leading abolitionists, publishing the pro-abolitionist newspaper the Liberator.
Fredrick Douglass, a former
slave, published the newspaper
the North Star and an
autobiography
Grimke Sisters

13. Nat Turner’s Revolt
Slave Codes : restrictions on slaves, preventing them from learning to read and write
Nat Turner, a Virginia slave and Preacher, believed God had chosen him to lead a revolt
Turner and his followers killed more than 50 people before being caught
Turner and 19 men hanged!
Turner’s Revolt led to states
passing even stricter codes
and restrictions on
slaves (no more slave ministers).

14. Exit Ticket!
What two cash crops were grown in the South in the early 1800s?
What state was admitted as a free state in the Missouri Compromise?
What was the line of latitude that was the “Missouri Compromise Line”.
What is the phrase that means that citizens of a state could vote if they wanted their state to be free or slave?
What was Nat Turner’s occupation?

15. Lesson 2: Tensions over Slavery and popular sovereignty
Unit 4: A Nation Divided
Lesson 2: Tensions over Slavery and popular sovereignty

16. EOCT Review Questions
What two cash crops were grown in the South in the early 1800s?
What state was admitted as a free state in the Missouri Compromise?
What was the line of latitude that was the “Missouri Compromise Line”.
What is the phrase that means that citizens of a state could vote if they wanted their state to be free or slave?
What was Nat Turner’s occupation?

17. Tensions over slavery and states’ rights
The tension over slavery that strengthened during the early 1800s became an extension of the long lasting states’ rights issue
Rather than state leaders arguing over whether the institution of slavery was right or wrong, they began to argue over who had the power (the states or the National Government) to decide whether or not to allow slavery in a territory/state

18. The States’ Rights argument
The states’ rights dates back to creation of the Constitution- for as long as the United States existed the issue of the scope of power of the National Government was a biggie (and it still is today)
Whose right is it to tell states what they can or can’t do? Can states decide for themselves? Or should there be unity within the country?

19. Northern and Southern economies
The North:
Fishing, shipbuilding industry and naval supplies
Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers, manufacturing (textiles, tools, metals, building materials, etc.)
Benefits from cheaper American manufactured goods (more people will buy American products
The South:
Large farms/plantations, cash crops
(tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton), wood products, small farms
Dependent on slavery

20. The Nullification Crisis
During the early 1800s, there was a rise of manufacturing in the North. In order to promote buyers to purchase American goods, the national government began imposing tariffs
Tariff = tax on imports
Imports = foreign goods
So, tariffs = more expensive foreign goods, which means
Tariffs = less expensive domestic goods

21. Tariffs sound good, right?
Tariffs were good for the north, as manufacturing was more concentrated there
But, tariffs weren’t as helpful for the southern economy, which requires trading raw materials with foreign countries
Tariffs = less Americans buying foreign goods, so
Tariffs = less foreign trade = less foreign countries buying cotton produced in the south

22. In 1828 Congress passed a high tariffs to protect manufactured goods
Who are the supporters and opponents of this tariffs?

23. Read the South Carolina Protest
Read the excerpts from the primary source, “South Carolina Exposition and protest”
Discussion: why was South Carolina so upset about the Tariff of 1828 (aka the “Tariff of Abominations?)? What was the “bigger” issue?

24. Nullification
South Carolina (led by the current Vice President of the time, John C. Calhoun) disliked the “oppressive” new tariff
They declared to nullify the federal law, meaning they would not enforce the tariff in South Carolina
If the National Government forced them to comply, they threatened secession (separation from the Union)

25. Force Bill and Compromise
The current President, Andrew Jackson, requested that Congress authorize him to use military force in order to force SC to comply with the tariff
At the same time, a compromise tariff was passed in Congress that reduced tariffs within 10 years
So, no nullification, and no secession…

26. The Big Picture
How does this issue between SC and the National Government reflect the states’ rights issue?
How was this issue related to slavery?
Read the opposing arguments of John Calhoun and William Lloyd Garrison to find out.

27. Exit Ticket!
How does the nullification crisis show growing division between the northern and southern states?
How does the nullification crisis relate to the growing issue of slavery and sectionalism in the United States in the Early 1800s?

28. Lesson 3: Mexican War and Failed Compromise
Unit 4: A Nation Divided
Lesson 3: Mexican War and Failed Compromise

29. Bell Ringer
How does the nullification crisis show growing division between the northern and southern states?
How does the nullification crisis relate to the growing issue of slavery and sectionalism in the United States in the Early 1800s?

30. How does this cartoon relate to sectionalism
How does this cartoon relate to sectionalism? Why did sectionalism become more severe as our territory expanded?

31. War with Mexico
The U.S. annexes Texas, causing a boundary dispute with Mexico.
Polk ordered the army into the disputed area where Mexican troops opened fire on the Americans
Polk then asked Congress to declared war on Mexico, claiming they were the aggressor

32. War with Mexico
The American army is ordered into Mexico, and out to California
Before the troops can reach California, a group of American settlers revolt and take the area naming it the Bear Flag Republic
In 1847, the U.S. Army enters Mexico City causing the Mexicans to surrender and ending the war

33. War With Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war, giving the U.S. a vast amount of land in the Southwest
The U.S. now stretched
from the Atlantic to the
Pacific Ocean
Why would this treaty cause problems with
the Slavery issue?

34. The Wilmot Proviso
During the Mexican War, in anticipation that we would win, a proposal was made in Congress for the territory gained in the Mexican War
Proposal for NO SLAVERY IN NEW TERRITORY
The proposal upset Southerners, and though it passed in the House, the Senate refused to vote on it
The Wilmot Proviso continued a north-south division over the slavery issue

35. What do we do with the New Territory?
To counter the Wilmot Proviso and to ease tension, a proposal was made to allow the new territories to decide for themselves on the slavery issue, an idea called popular sovereignty
California applied for statehood in 1849, threatening to break the balance of free and slave states
To settle the balance, Henry Clay proposed a resolution which became known as the Compromise of 1850 (remember this from a couple of days ago?)

38. 1820
1828
1846
1845
1848
Missouri Compromise
Andrew Jackson is elected/nullification crisis
Annexation of Texas
Mexican
War
Gold is discovered in CA
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Seneca Falls Convention
1853
1850
CA becomes a FREE state
Compromise of 1850
Gadsden Purchase

39. The Compromise didn’t last
During the 1850s, the U.S. Government developed the plan for a Transcontinental Railroad
The RR caused the same expansion issue to be revisited again- new territories needed to become states (Nebraska Territory)

40. Bell Ringer What law made it a crime to help a runaway slave?
Disagreement over which political policy fueled the Nullification Crisis?
Why did thousands of people go to California in 1849?
What did the South’s heavy reliance on slaves and cotton, along with the North’s increased dependency on industry contribute to?

41. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
The Compromise of 1850 settled the issue of CA , and the Missouri Compromise settled the issue of Missouri and Maine
Does the Missouri Compromise still apply to the areas in the middle of the country?
Many people thought that if we add in TWO territories, then one would be a slave territory, and the other would be a free territory, but this did not happen
If the Missouri Compromise stood, how would the slave states feel?

42. How about another compromise?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Terms of this bill:
Repeal the Missouri Compromise
Which would allow slavery in the region
Now, the slavery question was left up to the territories (Popular Sovereignty)
By this time, people’s support of slavery and opposition of slavery was extreme

44. Violence erupted: known as “Bleeding Kansas”
In Kansas, supporters of slavery drafted a Constitution allowing slavery
Opponents of slavery drafted a Constitution that closes slavery to the territory
Violence erupted: known as “Bleeding Kansas”
Delays statehood of Kansas

45. Slavery and sectionalism intensifies
Many events show how the condition of the Union becomes more vulnerable during the 1850s
1852: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1855: Bleeding Kansas
1857: Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision
1859: John Brown’s Raid

46. I left Virginia, although I did not want to go, just as Harpers Ferry raid took place. I knew it was a crisis of great importance to our state and country and of deep interest to your political future. I must say that in my opinion events that followed and the course of public conduct and opinion, especially in Virginia, have been mismanaged and misdirected. I think that the unsound judgment, vanity and selfish policy of Governor Wise were mainly responsible for this. The Harpers Ferry affair ought to have been treated either as the insane folly of a few mistaken cranks branded fanatics or – more accurately – as the crime of a group of reckless ruffians, ready for any scheme of murder. They should have been tried and executed as criminals in the fastest possible manner. They should not have had the chance to pose as political criminals or as representatives and champions of northern sentiment. Our honorable governor could not resist making speeches about Brown’s group. By insisting that they were the leaders of an organized conspiracy in the North, he encouraged sympathy and praise from many people and respected journals of public opinion in the North. In Virginia and throughout the South, every possible effort has been made to turn these lawbreakers into political criminals. Southern opinion identifies them with the North itself, or at least the Republican Party, causing the greatest indignation against that whole section and its people. In short, with his policy of swaggering and bullying, the governor has used this whole affair for his own advantage in order to aid his vain hopes for the Presidency and to strengthen the fragment of a southern party he heads. As a result, he has called up a devil neither he nor perhaps anyone else can control. By appealing to the pride and hatred of both sections, he has brought on a real crisis dangerous to both.

47. Answer the following:
Why was the raid on Harpers Ferry an event of great importance to the South?
Why was the even seemingly blown out of proportion to its effects?
On the basis of this reading, do you agree or disagree that often it is not the event itself, but the reaction of people to the even that is important? EXPLAIN.

48. Exit Ticket!
When do you think it was clear that compromises would no longer work to resolve the expansion and slavery issue in the United States?