1. Latin American Independence and Struggles in the 19th Century

3. Influences of Change
Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and democratic governance
Deep class divisions

4. Causes of Political Change
American Revolution ( )
French Revolution (1789)
Slave revolt in St.Domingue led by Francois L’Overture (1799)
Confusion in colonies over who was ruling Spain after Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal

5. Independence is Won! Mexico
Father Hidalgo began fight for independence in 1810 but the Creoles stopped him because they feared radical social changes
1815 Revolution taken up by the Creoles
Augustin de Iturbide declared emperor of Mexico in 1821 (territory included Central American States)
1824 Central American States break off

6. The Libertadores Simon Bolivar Venezuelan Creole
he won Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador (Gran Columbia until 1830)
Later he would lead a joint force and oust the Spanish from the Americas for good

7. The Libertadores Jose de San Martin Argentine Creole
Won victories in the south in Rio de la Plata
By 1825 all of Spanish America had won independence and all were republics with representative governments

8. Brazil’s Independence
French invasion of Portugal led the royal family to flee to Brazil in 1807
King Joao VI stayed in Brazil until 1820
1822 Brazil declared its independence under Pedro I (Joao’s son)
Established a monarchy (Everyone else established republics)

9. Problems after Independence
Class division based on race persisted
Question of the role of the Catholic church
Which form of government?
Liberals vs. Conservatives
Land redistribution didn’t happen

10. Rise of the Caudillos Caudillos = dictator
Rose out of the instability, which lasted for 50 years after independence
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna in Mexico