1. Soil review Complexity of soils Intensity and capacity concepts
Weathering
Florida soils
Collected from over a dozen books

2. Major Florida soil types
Ultisols
Spodosols
Entisols
Histosols
7 out of 12 orders, 4 major in Florida
1 organic and 11 mineral soils
Histosols: muck or peat, accumulation of OC in wet environment
Ultisols: high in clay, has a clay layer in subsurface
Major Florida soil types

3. Properties of Florida surface soils
CEC
Clay
Silt
Sand OC pH
Soil
Cmol kg-1 %
Entisols (no coating)
1.59
0.40
0.50
99.0
0.41
5.30
Entisols (s coating)
4.79
1.80
1.30
97.0
0.77
5.03
Entisols (coating)
4.98
2.10
4.00
94.0
0.98
5.36
Spodosols
12.2
1.29
3.93
94.8
2.30
4.54
Ultisols
7.41
3.80
6.92
89.3
1.11
5.05
Weathering, losing Na, K, Ca and Mg hard Lewis bases
Ma, L.Q., F. Tan and W.G. Harris.  1997.  Concentrations and distributions of 11 elements in Florida soils.     J. Environ. Qual.  26:

4. D. Hardison

5. Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992)
Three phases: not concrete solid
Concern: Liquid > air > solid
Solid phase: organic and inorganic
Inorganic-minerals: present as sand, silt and clay
Organic: Living phase.
Heavier than water?
Soil moisture content: volume basis, what about mass basis
Density of minerals.
Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992)

6. Trace metals review Elemental classification
Lewis acid/base
Pearson’s hard/soft metals
Ionic and covalent index
Ionic potentials
Electron negativity
Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions
Common minerals and aqueous species in soils
Familiar with equilibrium reactions
Use log activity-pH graphs

7. Elemental classification
Atomic configurations (Lewis, 1923): Lewis acid/base
Lewis acid
e-acceptor
cations/metals
Lewis base
e-donor
anions/oxyanions
Acidity of PbCl2: and Na3PO4 acid due to hydrolysis of Pb and basic due to
Gilbert Lewis/Ralph Pearson
Class A and B metals
Polarity/formation of stable compounds (Pearson, 1968) Hard/Soft acceptor
Hard acceptor/donor
non-polarizable and small
Soft acceptor/donor
more polarizable and larger
JCB lecture

8. low En, large size, high polarization, easily oxidized
/metal
/metal
low En, large size, high polarization, easily oxidized
Atomic configurations (Lewis, 1923)
Polarity/formation of stable compounds (Pearson, 1968)
Common anions in soils
Hard to hard, soft to soft
Adriano (2001)
HSAB-the 13th most cited paper in JACS

9. /metal
/metal
/metal
Ross (1994)

10. Softness
Hardness
JCB lecture

11. Ionic potential and solubility
IP = ionic charge (Z)/ionic radius (r)
Low IP  high solubility
IP and metal solubility
IP  money for a given family, large family less $ per person
Pressure: Nail sharp
Two forces: attraction of metals for O2-, and repulsion of metals for H+
Sequence is H2O  OH  O
Kid grows up, elementary middle school  high school
JCB lecture

13. Ionic potential and solubilityH+
O2- H+
O2- H+ M+
O2- H+ M+
IP <2.5 (low): H+-O > O-M+
Ba, Li, Rb, & Sr

14. Ionic potential and solubilityH+
O2-
O2-
O2- M+ H+ H+
O2- H+ M+
2.5 < IP < 9.5 (medium): H+-O ~ O-M+
Cu, Ni, Pb, U, Zn, Cr, & Co

15. Ionic potential and solubilityM+
O2-
>9.5 (high): H+-O < O-M+
As, B, Mo, and Se M+

16. Ionic potential and solubility
IP = ionic charge (Z)/ionic radius (r)
Low IP  high solubility
IP and metal solubility
IP <2.5 (low): H-O > O-M
Ba, Li, Rb, & Sr
2.5 < IP < 9.5 (medium): H-O ~ O-M
Cu, Ni, Pb, U, Zn, Cr, & Co
>9.5 (high): H-O < O-M
As, B, Mo, and Se
IP  money for a given family, large family less $ per person
Pressure: Nail sharp
Two forces: attraction of metals for O2-, and repulsion of metals for H+
Sequence is H2O  OH  O
Kid grows up, elementary middle school  high school
JCB lecture